language comprehension- recognising and understanding words

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  • Created by: mac123!
  • Created on: 14-11-17 02:29
struggling artists...
noun phrase
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Marking papers..
verb phrase
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Derivational theory of compexity
the number of different variations of a sentence alters the difficulty of processing
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'by'
often indicates a passive sentence
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what is structure dependance?
where you replace a whole chunk of a sentence and the phrase has to move arounf
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creativity/ productivity
ability to talk about anything at any time
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double dissociation
A better at naming verbs than nouns, B better at naming nouns than verbs
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Sofia
Used lexigrams to communicate her needs with owner
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Kanzi
Learned through her mum to understand lexigrams and also could understand sentences
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some foreign word's do not translate
gatarra- old women who devotes herself to stray cats
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imperfect mapping
single words can have multiple meanings eg bank, and a given meaning can be associated with multiple words
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Elasticity
words can have different meanings depending on context
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3 main techniques for investigating lexical processing
reaction time, naming (pronunciation of verbally presented words), lexical decision (deciding whether strings of letters are real words or not)
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other techniques- eye movements
fixation duration and regressions
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other techniques- brainscanning
tachisoscopic- words presented quickly and write down what you saw
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other techniques- categorisation
is it an animal etc
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Frequency effect
common words recognised more frequently than rare words
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disagreement of frequency effect
unsure if affects initial access or post- access process
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word- nonword effects
nonwords take longer to pronounce than words, doesn't necessarily reflect lexical decision
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repetition priming
recognition time is faster if the word as been seen previously- F+D- more helpful for less frequent words
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2 components to priming effect- affects high and low frequency words equally
short lived lexical effect that occurs during access
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2 components to priming effect-affects low frequency words
episodic effect, post- access
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masked priming study F+D
see a mask then lowercase version of target word followed by uppercase target word, e.g. #### (500ms), bread(60ms). BREAD (500ms)
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masked priming- lexical?
not aware of the words prior occurrence- only see priming which is lexical in nature
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removal of repetition priming
priming effect then equal on all words
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lexical semantic priming
Recognition faster if associated word appears first e.g. nurse/ doctor faster than butter/ doctor
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Neeley- expect part of building to follow prime of body
body primed door and not heart. however when delay of quarter second put in place body primed heart and not door
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automatic effect-
accounted for in models of lexical access
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Attentional affect
initial contact with lexicon, to do with memory/ conscious
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associative priming is intralexical
stronger lexical connections between frequently co- occurring associations
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models of lexical acces- a direct parallel process
Assumes all information from stimulus- no searching or coding
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models of lexical access- a sequential search process
Access something from the stimulus and uses this to search through representations in your brain
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Foster's serial search model
get an 'access code', serially compare this code across files in brain, match pointer, post-access check AC,SC,MP, PAc
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Foster's serial search model- frequency effect
most common used words at the top of the search
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'read out effect'
after an entry has been accessed once, it is extracted more quickly the next time.
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Interactive activation models
activation and processing is direct and parallel
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Interactive activation models- word recognition system
network of a series of detector neuron units, 3 levels- visible feature units, letters and words. The more excited a neuron gets, the more it inhibits those around it
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Interactive activation models- frequency effect
Activation passes more quickly from letters to words in higher frequency words
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Interactive activation models- nonwords
nonwords detected after a certain time period when network has not reached 'state of equilibrium'
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crucial data for evaluating 2 models
non- associative priming (priming that cannot be explained by intralexical processes
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IA models- sentence context
accounted for the same way as semantic priming, top down
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search theory- sentence context
no structure to feedback through the system- modular
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Lexical ambiguity- homophones
sound the same have different menaings
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Lexical ambiguity- homographs
spelled the same have different meanings
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balanced homophones
2 equally common meanings such as fly
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unbalanced homophones
one dominant and one subordinate meaning
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Context can be used to resolve ambiguity- integration model (search theory)
meanings accessed in order of frequency, context operates post lexically
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Context can be used to resolve ambiguity- reordered access model (IA)
Access is exhaustive, meanings are accessed in order determined by both frequency and preceeding context
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Post lexical selection- Onifer and Swinney
Sentences biased either the dominant or subordinate meaning
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Post lexical selection- Onifer and Swinney results
priming for both meat and peg when presented immeidatley after the homophone, if delay of 1.5 seconds then contextually appropiate meaning primed
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Modular view of sentence processing
non- interactive, sentence context doesn't impact processing of ambiguous word
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Marking papers..

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verb phrase

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Derivational theory of compexity

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'by'

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what is structure dependance?

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