language and reading 2: sentence processing
- Created by: HolsBolz
- Created on: 16-01-22 15:52
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- LANGUAGE AND READING 2: SENTENCE PROCESSING
- Learn about syntactic ambiguity
- SYNTACTIC AMBIGUITY = when there are many different potential ways in which words can be grouped together, each meaning something different.
- When reading we 1. Recognise individual words, 2. Assign syntactic structure to incoming words (grouping words into appropriate phrases), and 3. Interpret the meaning
- Syntax refers to the way in which words in a sentence are grouped together.
- There are TWO TYPES OF SYNTACTIC AMBIGUITY : 1. GLOBALLY AMBIGUOUS - sentences that remain ambiguous between 2 or more interpretations even when you get to the end of the sentence & 2. TEMPORARY AMBIGUITIES - able to resolve the ambiguity by the end of the sentence (garden path)
- SYNTACTIC AMBIGUITY = when there are many different potential ways in which words can be grouped together, each meaning something different.
- Understand models of syntactic parsing
- Parsing relates to the analysis of the syntactic or grammatical structure of a sentence. If we parse a sentence we assign syntactic structure to it
- TWO STAGE, SERIAL PROCESSING THEORIES
- GARDEN PATH THEORY - LYN FRAIZER, 70S AND 80S. Only one syntactic structure is initially considered, meaning is not involved, simplest structure is chosen.
- TWO PRINCIPLES: 1. MINIMAL ATTACHMENT - simplest structure (fewest nodes on tree diagram) However if there is the same number of nodes, we use 2. LATE CLOSURE - a reader should associate the incoming material with the most recent material.
- GARDEN PATH THEORY - LYN FRAIZER, 70S AND 80S. Only one syntactic structure is initially considered, meaning is not involved, simplest structure is chosen.
- TWO STAGE, SERIAL PROCESSING THEORIES
- ONE STAGE, PARALLEL PROCESSING MODELS - allow more factors to influence the parsing process using different info sources (constraints)
- the syntactic structure which receives the more support from constrains will be activated
- Parsing relates to the analysis of the syntactic or grammatical structure of a sentence. If we parse a sentence we assign syntactic structure to it
- Discover some of the issues involved in sentence interpretation
- a non-literal expression = the intended meaning cannot be derived by direct composition of the literal meanings of the words guided by the grammar e.g. figurative language
- metaphor
- idiom
- a group of words in a fixed order that have a particular meaning that is different from the meanings of each word understood on its own e.g. kick the bucket means to die
- irony (sarcasm)
- Cues you may use: - CONTEXT (global coherence) - FACIAL EXPRESSION / BODY LANGUAGE (emotion comprehension) - TONE OF VOICE (emotion comprehension) - THEORY OF MIND (the mental state of others, and SOCIAL CUES
- a non-literal expression = the intended meaning cannot be derived by direct composition of the literal meanings of the words guided by the grammar e.g. figurative language
- Understand models of figurative language processing
- STANDARD PRAGMATIC VIEW (GRICE, 1975; SEARLE, 1979L 1993) - the function of irony is to communicate the opposite of what is said, interpret it and detect a mismatch context - reanalysis and processing is required. Serial model, only one interpretation considered at a time.
- THE GRADED SALIENCE HYPOTHESIS (GIORA, 1997; 2003) - makes different predictions depending on whether irony is familiar or unfamiliar. For familiar ironies it has its own entry to the mental lexicon and for unfamiliar we assess them first then reanalyse when it becomes clear from the context.
- THE DIRECT ACCESS VIEW (Gibbs, 1994, 2002) - literal and ironic language are essentially treated in the same way as they are both just 'language'. Whichever meaning is supported by context is the meaning that will be chosen, literal meaning is not accessed first so no additional processing cost.
- The study by Hagoort et al on ERPs - shows how rapidly information from context and world knowledge can be taken into account when computing sentence meaning.
- Learn about syntactic ambiguity
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