Reading and Spelling

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What is reading, writing and spelling?
Secondary language skills, build on speaking and listening, need instruction and oral language skills
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Why do we have speech systems?
Auditory systems in the brains, we have been using them for thousands of years
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Why do we not have reading and spelling systems?
They are more recent systems because only in the last 100 years have people learnt to read and write
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What is correlated in early reading acquisition?
REading comprehension and accuracy positively correlated
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What does automatic reading do?
Gives resources to comprehension, vocabulary breadth and depth, morphology: plays playing, syntax
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What is word reading?
Word recognition and decoding
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What can word reading also listen to?
Recognition, decoding, and vocab for meaning
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What is the equation for reading?
Decoding X comprehension
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How do we read?
Recognise letters (memory), decode sounds (Grapheme to Phoneme), analogise to known words, predict words from grapho-phonemic context, memory and semantic context
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In other words?
Taking a word that we know and adding a different letter in it, this how we learn to pronounce different words we do not know
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What is phonological awareness?
Awareness of sounds in words
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What is visual communication?
Mapping symbols to language units, limited number of symbols, amiguities, limits features represented
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What is the circle of visual communication?
Meaning --> Written word form --> Pronunication
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What is the effects of practice?
Reading --> spelling, spelling --> Reading, spelling is very important when learning to read
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What is the first route in the dual cascaded model?
Print --> visual features unit --> Letter units --> Orthographic input lexicon --> Semantic system --> Phonological output lexicon --> Phoneme system --> speech
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What is second route in the dual cascaded model?
Print --> Visual feature units --> Letter units --> Grapheme - phoneme rule system --> Phoneme system --> speech
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Which route would you use for the word Yacht?
You would read it via orthographic input lexicon and phonological input lexicon, cant read it via grapheme route because it isnt said how it is spelt
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What is the grapheme method best for?
Simple words that are easy to read
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What is the dual cascaded route critique?
How are the different routes mastered, when are they mastered, where does the GP converter come from? When do we set up the systems? How do we learn them? experience? Innate?
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What is Frith (1985)'s three component model?
Logographic --> Alphabetic --> Orthographic
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How do children learn words?
Through steps
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What is the orthographic step?
Broader understanding of words, it has been left open
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What is the logographic step?
breakdown of words
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What is the alphabetic stage?
upper and lower case letters, different letters
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What is step by step learning?
Language is built through steps, start off with logo then add a little of the alphabetic stage. They may seem to go backward but they need to go through these stages in order to develop fully
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What did Frith later develop?
The six step model of skills in reading and writing acquistion
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/What has to be perfected before moving onto the second step?
Logographic 1 and 2 before moving to logographic 2 spelling
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What has to be perfected before moving back to reading?
Alphabetic 1 and 2 in spelling to logographic 3 and alphabetic 2
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What has to be perfected next
Orthographic 1 and orthographic 2 in reading stage to spelling stage: Alphabetic 3 and orthographic 2
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What is Frith's stages critique?
More fully specified, developmental approach, support for reading, spelling linked stage
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What is orthographic understanding?
May build from start of acquistion, fails to explain how changes occur, it can be applied to children who are learning to speak
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What is Ehri's phase model ?
4 stage model
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What is the first stage?
Pre alphabetic stage
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What does this stage consist of?
Decoding, visual cues, sight word reading 'look camel'
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What is the second stage?
Partial alphabetic stage
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What does this stage consist of?
Phonetic cue reading, basic grapheme -phoneme connections, alphabetic knowledge
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What is the third stage?
Full alphabetic stage
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What does this stage consist of?
Full grapheme-phoneme connections, decode by analogy to sight words, start to predict words from sound
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What is the fourth stage?
Consolidated alphabetic
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What does this stage consist of?
Grapheme -phoneme decoding, memory of patterns, consolidate similar letter sequences
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How do kids show the pre-alphabetic stage?
Scribbles resemble writing systems
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What do children show in the partial alphabetic stage?
letter knowledge and phonemic awareness essential, letters for sounds eg.. bz for buzz
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What do children show in the full alphabetic stage?
Spelling phonetically complete, graphemically plausible spellings using conventional graphemes ie. GP connections before rote learning eg. pekt for peeked, wif for wife
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What do children show in the consolidated alphabetic stage?
Advanced alphabetic understanding of units, roots, affixes, families of words, invent plausible spellings and known endings eg: opurate
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What is the critique of Ehri phrases?
alphabetic concept emphasised, importane of sight words, importance of grapheme -phoneme connections, flexible, no underlying cognitive structure, no mature reading stage
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What is the problems with Ehri phases?
Pre-alphabetic is non alphabetic but what is it? she was thinknig of dyslexia when writing the model, it doesnt tell us how this occurs
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What is Gentry's spelling model?
Precommunicative stage: MPTVA, semiphonetic stage:E, phonetic: EGL, transitional stage: EEGEL, Correct stage: EAGLE
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What is longitudinal evidence prediction?
295 kindergarteners, non readers: Test --> G1 --> G2 --> G3, phonemic segmentation: Best predictor of future performance? Vocabulary and semantic ability: Poorer prediction
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What is intervention evidence?
They had a large sample, tested 3 different intervention, they were looking at poor readers and good readers
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What was the first experiment
Test --> Phonemic segmentation training (manipulating sounds) --> test
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What was the second experiment?
Test --> Response acquisition (Tasks where they did similar comparison tasks, nothing to do with sounds, words that looked similar --> test
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What was the third group?
Didnt do anything
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What happened due to phonemic segmentation training?
Good and poor readers improved in word identification and code acquisition
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Dyslexia?
Phonemic awareness larger unique contribution to word reading skills
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What is a transparent language?
Shallow, consistent letter-phoneme relations to serbo-croatian, Finnish, italian, german
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In other words?
Italian/German: Letter sounds is the same in all the words, if you see a combination of letters, it will sound the same everytime
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What is opaque language?
Deep, ambiguous letter phoneme relations, danish, french, english, the sounds can be very different in different words
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In other words?
Opawue language: the sounds can be very different in different word
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Ziegler et al (2010)
1265 children G2, reading, decoding, pa, rapid naming, digit span, NVIQ, vocabularly
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What is phonological awareness?
predicted Reading Speed & Accuracy and Decoding Speed & Accuracy across all 5 languages
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What is greater in opaque languages?
PA
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What is more important in transparent languages?
Vocab
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Why is PA important in transparent languages?
Early access to phonemes - improved reading – improved PA & phoneme representations
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Why is PA not important in opaque languages?
Less access to phonemes- slower development of reading PA and representations
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Why do we have speech systems?

Back

Auditory systems in the brains, we have been using them for thousands of years

Card 3

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Why do we not have reading and spelling systems?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is correlated in early reading acquisition?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What does automatic reading do?

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