Discovering : Topic 6: Language

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  • Created by: Chookie
  • Created on: 19-05-17 10:47
What is all thinking and behaviour the product of?
Cognition
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What is cognition?
A set of biological processes which happen in the brain
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What approach does cognitive science take to understanding the mind?
A functional approach, everything has a function. We need to identify the mind's functions and determine how these functions are achieved by parts of the brain.
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What is cognition as a set of modules?
The module approach assumes each function (domain) has its own mental organ (module)
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According to cognition as a set of modules, what type of specific are modules?
domain-specific
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According to cognition as a set of modules, what type of specific are organs?
function-specific
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According to cognition as a set of modules, how do modules operate?
Through a distinctive set of processes and representations
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According to cognition as a set of modules, are we conscious of modular processes?
no
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What is representation?
Information in your mind. (thinking of a banana)
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What do cognitive psychologists want to understand about representations?
They want to understand what forms representations can take.,
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Does language consist of a set of functions with its own modules?
yes
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What are some of the issues with modules?
There are lots of things to argue about. How many are there, do they work together or not? Are there strict rules or not? Are they present from birth or not? what are there functions
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What are the two modules we need to read?
The sublexical route and the lexcial route
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What is the lexical route?
It is used for reading irregular words and words
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What is the sublexical route?
It is used for reading non-words
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What are the four stages of reading in the sublexial route?
1. Recognise letters 2. group into graphemes 3. Direct link from each grapheme to each sound 4. merge sounds together. (it goes from small units to large units)
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What is a grapheme?
A group of letters matched to one sounds (phoneme)
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What is a phoneme?
A unit of sound
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What rule is there for each grapheme?
A grapheme-phoneme conversion (GPC) rule.
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What is an issue with just using the sublexial route to read?
One phoneme can be written using lots of graphemes, and one grapheme can be attached to lots of phonemes.
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what are the three steps of the lexical route when reading?
1. recognise letters 2. Match letters to a whole word in lexicon. 3. direct link from the whole word to the whole sound.
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What do we need the lexical route to reed irregular words?
Because grapheme-phoneme conversion rules don't work all the time. And it's a lot quicer.
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How many entries are there in the mental lexicon for familiar words?
one
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According to a connectionist single-route model how are words read?
All regular, irregular, familiar and non-words are all read through one route
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What is orthography?
The conventional spelling system of a language
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How many phonemes does English have?
45
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Who found that newborns are able to distinguish all phonemes equally?
Jusczyk (1997)
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Are adults much better with their own language's phonemes or not?
Yes
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Who found that infants focus on their own language's phonemes by the end of their first year?
Werker (1989)
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What is semantics?
the meaning of individual words
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How many words does the average 18 year old know?
60-80,000 words
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When is the first word spoken?
about 1-year old
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how many words do children/adults tend to learn?
around 10 words a day
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What is fast mapping?
the ability to learn a new word with limited exposure: to map meaning to sound
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When fast mapping are words extended to other similar items?
yes
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According to Markson and Bloom (1997) is fast mapping a language specific process?
no, you can also learn facts about objects
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According to Waxman And Booth (2000) when fast mapping can you extend facts to other similar items?
no
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What is grammar?
Rules for arranging words in sentences
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Is grammar innate or learnt?
who knows.
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Why might grammar be innate? (universal)
there might be a universal grammar despite the grammar's of different languages seeming different.
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Why might grammar be innate (hard)
The rules of grammar may be too hard to learn
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What is phonological awareness?
The conscious knowledge that spoken words are composed of distinct sounds
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Is phonological awareness conscious?
Yes
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Is phonological awareness different from the knowledge you have in your phonology-module?
yes. Reading requires you to think about what your phonology-module is up to
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What principle linguistic skill do you need to read?
Phonological awareness
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What does learning to read make you aware of?
That words can be split into phonemes
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Once you know that spoken words are made up of a distinct set of sounds what can you then learn ?
That letters in words correspond to those sounds
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What are the two ways to teach reading?
the look and say method and phonics
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What is the look-and-say method to teach reading?
It focused on the meaning of words
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What is the phonics way to teach reading?
It teaches letter-sound correspondences
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What does phonics do according to Savage et al (1997)
It helps children with poor phonological awareness and reduces dyslexia
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Where are modules located?
In specific parts of the brain
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What can localised brain damage tell you?
What the module in the damaged area was doing
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What are the two types of acquired dyslexia?
Phonological dyslexia and surface dyslexia
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What is phonolgical dyslexia?
When you are fine with familiar words, but poor with non-words (damage to grapheme-phoneme conversion rules)
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What is surface dyslexia?
When you are fine with non-words but poor with irregular words as you tend to to regularise. (damage to lexicon )
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What is Aphasia?
The loss of spoken language function
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What are the two types of aphasia?
Broca's aphasia and Wernicke's aphasia
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What is Broca's aphasia?
When you have non-fluent speech, you only produce a few meaningful words but have quite good comprehension
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It was originally suggested that Broca's aphasia was caused by damaged area codes for the motor programme of words what is the name for this?
Expressive aphasia (when someone has damage to the motor programmes of words)
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What is an alternative proposal for what causes Broca's aphasia?
The loss of grammar, because comprehension often doesn't need grammar
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What is evidence that people with Broca's aphasia suffer from loss of grammar?
That you can have comprehension because you often don't need grammar to understand a sentence. But if you ask someone with BA to understand a sentence which you need to know about grammar to understand they don't understand it
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What is Wernicke's aphasia?
When you have fluent meaningless speech and poor comprehension
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What was originally suggested as the cause for Wernicke's aphasia?
The damage of an area that recognisies and retrieves word meaning (receptive aphasia) . This is because they have a poor production as they fail to monitor own speech
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What is an alternative suggestion for the cause of Wernicke's aphasia?
The loss of semantics (word meaning)
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What is another suggestion for the cause of Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia?
That they reflect moderate/severe damage.
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What is developmental dyslexia?
A deficit in learning to read (and usually spelling too)
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What is developmental dyslexia associated with?
poor phonological awarness
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What are the three types of developmental dyslexia?
Phonological, visual and memory
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What is phonological dyslexia?
When you have a difficulty in separating sounds
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What is visual dyslexia?
When you have a difficulty in analysing letters in order
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What is memory deficit?
When you have a difficulty holding sounds in memory
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A set of biological processes which happen in the brain

Card 3

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Card 4

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What is cognition as a set of modules?

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Card 5

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According to cognition as a set of modules, what type of specific are modules?

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