The Return of cognition

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What is the organisation of behaviour?
According to behaviourism complicated behaviours emerge from a complex chain of associations learned over repeated learning trials
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What was the rise of instincts?
The work of Lorenz and Tinbergen, the founders of ethology, suggested that the commitment to the stimulus environment found in behaviourism was inadequate, e.g. imprinting
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What was the uniqueness of language?
In the 1950s psychologists came to the conclusion that language is uniquely human and that the application of animal models of learning was simply inappropriate.
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Behaviourism isnt wrong what is it?
It is just incomplete
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What was Piaget research?
The growth of knowledge is a progressive construction of logically embedded structures superseding one another by a process of inclusion of lower less powerful logical means into higher and more powerful ones up to adulthood
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What is assumed?
Complex representations could be created, modified, extended and essentially discarded he radically changed the way we think about child development and human cognition
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What was Bartlett famous for?
The ‘War of the Ghosts’ the recalled passages always become shorter and more coherent. the person remembering selects features of the passage to anchor the whole story. detail is sometimes changed so as to become more familiar to the remembered
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What is a Schema?
Bartlett suggested that memory is organized by schema which provide a mental framework for understanding and remembering information. These schema(ta) are used in the active reconstruction of events
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Who is Craik?
He is best known for his book 'The nature of explanation' wherein he suggested that the mind constructs models of reality
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What did Craik make?
We have mental models adn ith these we can perform stimulations of what may happen, in performing these we may be better able to deal with this, separate cognitive processs independent from stimulus response
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What did Alan Turing create?
A turing machine, on which all digital computing is now based
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He wrote an unpublished manuscript called ?
Manifesto for Artificial intelligence developing such a ideas a networks of learning neurons
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What is the turing test?
Involves a computer, and two humans the interrogator and the foil
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What does the interrogator attempt to do?
Determine by asking questions of the others. i.e. the computer and the human foil, which is the computer
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What must the foil do?
help the interrogator to make a correct identification
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A number of people do what?
Play the roles of interrogator and foil
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If enough interrogators cannot what?
Decide which is the computer then the conclusion to be drawn is that the computer can think
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McCulloch and Pitts published what?
A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity
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What did their computational neurons had
They are binary devices Each neuron has a fixed threshold The neuron receives inputs from excitatory synapses, all having identical weights. Inhibitory inputs have an absolute veto power over any excitatory inputs
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At each time step the neurons are simultaneously updated by what?
summing the weighted excitatory inputs and setting the output to 1 iff the sum is greater than or equal to the threhold AND if the neuron receives no inhibitory input.
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What can neurons do/
They can solve problems
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What did Norbert Weiner do?
He divided behaviour into two types
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What is the first type of behaviour?
Active: the energy for the bheaviour is internal: Goal oriented: requiring feedback or not, non goal oriented
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What is Passive?
The energy for the bheaviour is external
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What did Shannon suggest about Binary logic?
It is possible quantity information: Eg: Which face of a die is showing? (Assume the answer is 2) Is it greater than 3, is it less than 3, is it less than 2
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How do you summarise Shannon's theory?
Trying to work out computationally what to pay attention to as we have a constant filter
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What did Bruner suggest?
he outcome of cognitive development is thinking. The intelligent mind creates from experience
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What did Miller do?
Introduced: A limited short term memory processor Chunking Plans and the Structure of Behaviour, (Miller, Galanter & Pribram, 1960) Planning TOTE (test-operate-test-exit)
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What was Broadbent's aims?
pulled together diverse work on information theory and early computational modelling showed how attentional processes can be studied rigorously through experimentation Explained attention using information-processing constructs
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They used behavioural data to infer what?
The functional stages of attentional processing
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What was Chomsky's belief?
All children are born with an innate knowledge of grammar that serves as the basis for all language acquisition. In other words, for humans, language is a basic instinct
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Language has the same structure, but what?
infinite number of integers but they can be arranged in any order. They have rules, such as grammar. However, when applied to chinese, it just doesn’t work so Chompsky’s theories are not applicable to other languages
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What did Newell develop?
Developed a programming language - Production system languages: If this is true then this must also be true. These machines could be applied to anything, they became turing machines. They could model human language
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What did Simon do?
Pioneered Artificial intelligence as it applies to psychology publishing the classic The sciences of the artificial in 1969
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What idea did he develop?
The idea that expertise was due to the development of chunks with as many as 50,000 learned by the time someone is an expert
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What method was developed?
Verbal protocal analysis as a method of data collection and analysis in the book protocol analysis: Verbal reports as data
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What was the rise of instincts?

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The work of Lorenz and Tinbergen, the founders of ethology, suggested that the commitment to the stimulus environment found in behaviourism was inadequate, e.g. imprinting

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What was the uniqueness of language?

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Behaviourism isnt wrong what is it?

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What was Piaget research?

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