B1.1- Keeping healthy

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What does a balanced diet consist of?
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats, Vitamins, Minerals, Fibre, Water
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What elements of a healthy diet does the body use for energy?
Carbohydrates, proteins and fats
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What is it called when you do not have a balanced diet?
Malnourished
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What happens if you consume too much energy?
You put on weight
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Who needs more energy – males or females?
Males (also depends on size/weight/occupation/activity)
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Will an Olympic triathlete or an office worker require more energy? Why?
An Olympic triathlete as they are training hard every day using up lots more energy than a person sat in an office
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Would the average person need to eat more in the arctic or in the desert? Why?
In the arctic, the body needs to use energy to keep itself warm. If in the desert it would not need to do this.
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What is metabolic rate?
The rate of the chemical reactions in your cells
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What three things affect your basic metabolic rate?
1. The proportion of muscle to fat 2. The amount of exercise you do 3. Genes (inherited factors)
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What is excess energy stored as in your body?
Fat
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What health problems can arise from obesity?
Arthritis, Type 2 diabetes, High blood pressure, Heart disease
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How do you lose mass?
When the energy content of your food is less than the energy you use in your daily life
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What are the three ways you can lose weight?
1. Reduce the amount of energy you take in 2. Increase the amount of energy you use 3. Do both
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What is the best way to lose weight?
Both reduce the amount of energy taken in and increase energy use
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Why does exercise make you healthier?
 Increases amount of energy used by body  Increases proportion of muscle to fat  Makes your heart healthier  Loses body mass
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Why might people be underweight and malnourished?
Because there is not enough food to eat
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What diseases are often common in malnourished people?
Deficiency diseases
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What inherited factors may affect your weight?
Metabolic rate, Proportion of muscle to fat
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What is cholesterol needed for?
Cell membranes and vital hormones
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What happens if you have too much of the wrong type of cholesterol in your body?
Your risk of heart disease increases
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What organ deals with the fat in your diet?
The liver
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What sort of foods contain more of the harmful cholesterol?
High-fat food
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Why are 1 in 500 people more likely to get heart disease?
They inherit factors which mean they will have high levels of harmful cholesterol regardless of what they eat.
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What is the relationship between exercise and health?
On average the more someone exercises the healthier they are.
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What three explanations are there for this relationship?
1. Less likely to be overweight as using more energy 2. Will have more muscle tissue, increasing metabolic rate 3. Regular exercise lowers your blood cholesterol levels. Good cholesterol goes up and bad cholesterol goes down.
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How is an infectious disease caused?
A microorganism entering and attacking your body
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What is meant by infectious?
Can be passed from one person to another
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What is a pathogen?
A microorganism that causes disease
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Which are the two most common groups of pathogen?
Bacteria and viruses
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What are bacteria?
Single celled living organisms that are much smaller than plant cells
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Are all bacteria pathogens?
No
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What are viruses?
Regular shaped organisms, smaller than bacteria that can cause disease in all living organisms including bacteria
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What is the first thing pathogens do when they enter the human body?
They reproduce rapidly.
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How do bacteria reproduce?
They split into two.
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What else do bacteria often produce which makes you ill?
Toxins (poisons)
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How do viruses reproduce?
They take over the cells of your body as they reproduce.
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What are common symptoms of infectious diseases?
Temperature, Headache, Rash
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What two things cause these symptoms?
1. Cell damage and/or toxins produced by pathogens 2. As a result of the way your body responds to damage and toxins
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What is droplet infection?
When you breath in droplets full of pathogens which have been expelled from someone else with the disease
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Name a common illness that can be passed by droplet infection
Flu (influenza) OR tuberculosis OR common cold
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What is direct contact?
When diseases are spread from one person to another by direct contact of the skin
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Give an example of an infection spread by direct contact?
chickenpox
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How can contaminated food make you ill?
The contaminated food may contain large numbers of pathogens and when you eat it they are introduced directly into your body, these reproduce and make you ill.
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How does your skin help prevent you from getting infectious diseases?
It covers your body and acts as a barrier to prevent pathogens reaching the tissues beneath which can be infected.
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How does your body respond if the skin is broken?
You bleed quickly, this forms a clot then a scab which seals over the cut stopping pathogens getting into the wound.
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How does your breathing system stop pathogens infecting your body every time you breath in?
Your body produces mucus, a sticky liquid that covers the lining of your breathing system and traps any pathogens. Any pathogens caught in this mucus are moved out of your body or swallowed into your gut.
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Why does the body need an immune system?
In case pathogens do manage to find themselves into your body
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What are the main ‘soldiers’ of the immune system?
White blood cells
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What three ways can these cells protect you against disease?
1. Ingesting microorganisms 2. Producing antibodies 3. Producing antitoxins
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How do antibodies protect your body from infection?
They target particular bacteria or viruses and destroy them.
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How do some drugs help when you have an infectious disease even though they do not affect the pathogen itself?
They ease the symptoms and make you feel better.
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How do these drugs affect how quickly you recover?
They have no effect on how quickly you recover.
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Why can’t we use antiseptics and disinfectants to kill bacteria inside the body?
They are too poisonous.
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What type of drugs do we use to treat infectious diseases?
Antibiotics
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How do antibiotics like penicillin kill bacteria?
They damage the bacterial cell walls without harming the cells of your body.
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Why are antibiotics not the complete answer?
They have no effect on viruses.
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Why are viruses so difficult to kill inside the body?
They reproduce inside the cells of your body so it is hard to produce drugs which kill the virus without effecting the cells of your body at the same time.
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What is culturing bacteria?
Growing very large numbers of bacteria so we can see them as a whole (a colony)
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What can we do once we have cultured bacteria?
Find out about nutrients they need to grow, Find out which chemicals are best at killing them
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What is contained in culture medium?
Nutrients – carbohydrates as an energy source, minerals and other chemicals
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What else do most bacteria need to grow?
Warmth and oxygen
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What is often used to provide all these vitals things?
Agar jelly
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Why must you always take care when culturing microorganisms?
There may be a mutation of a harmless bacteria which may make it become a new, dangerous pathogen.
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Where might contaminations come from when culturing bacteria?
Your skin, Air, Soil, Water
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How do you sterilise glass Petri dishes?
Heat them in an autoclave
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Describe how you would inoculate an agar plate with the microorganisms you wish to grow.
Sterilise the inoculating loop by heating it, Dip sterilised loop in suspension of bacteria you wish to grow, Make zigzag streaks across the surface of agar with the loop, Replace loop as quickly as possible to avoid contamination, Seal the lid
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What must be done to the inoculated plates? Why?
They need to be incubated (kept warm) for several days to allow the microorganisms to grow.
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How can we reduce the chance of accidently growing harmful pathogens when incubating bacteria?
Keep the temperature to 25C or below
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What is a mutation?
A change in genetic material
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What is antibiotic resistance?
When a bacteria mutates randomly and produces offspring that are not affected by an antibiotic
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What is the scientific name for this process?
Natural selection
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Why is bacterial resistance a problem?
It makes some types of bacteria very difficult to treat.
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What has led to an increase in the amount of bacterial resistance?
Overuse and misuse of antibiotics
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Describe how a bacterial strain becomes resistant to two antibiotics.
The first kills all bacteria except any with a random mutation that survive The surviving bacteria reproduce so a colony of resistant bacteria grows Second antibiotic added, kills all bacteria except random mutations. Rest produce a resistamt colony
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Why should doctors not give antibiotics for illnesses that are probably caused by viruses?
Antibiotics do not affect viruses so they will not be of any benefit but they may increase the chances of other bacteria (that are not causing the illness) becoming resistant.
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How did MRSA develop?
Hospitals use a lot of antibiotics so natural selection produced some bacteria that are resistant to many antibiotics.
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Give an example of how MRSA often spreads?
Via doctors and nurses as they move from patient to patient
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What steps can we take to reduce the spread of microorganisms?
Antibiotics should only be used when they are needed Treat specific bacteria with specific antibiotics Visitors should wash their hands as they enter and leave the hospital
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Why can new strains of pathogen spread quickly?
Because no one is immune and there is no effective treatment
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What is an epidemic?
An outbreak of a disease in one country
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What is a pandemic?
An outbreak of a disease in several countries
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Why are pandemics potentially more likely now than they were 100 years ago?
There is much more international travel which means new strains can be spread from country to country very quickly.
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What is an antigen?
A unique protein on the surface of a cell
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How does the body differentiate between itself and a pathogen?
It can recognise the antigens on its own cells which are different from the antigens on the surface of pathogen cells.
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Why is it said that white blood cells have ‘memory’?
White blood cells can remember a particular pathogen and when they meet them again can produce the specific antibody needed to kill them.
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Why do you tend to get ill when you first meet a pathogen?
There is a delay while your body makes the right antibody to fight the pathogen.
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What is another name for an immunisation?
Vaccination
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What is a vaccine?
It is a medication usually made of a dead or weakened form of a pathogen which triggers your body’s natural immune response to invading pathogens.
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Why does a vaccine stop you getting ill when you first meet the real active pathogen?
The vaccine allows the body to develop the right antibody so when the white blood cells detect the pathogen they can immediately produce the right antibody to kill the pathogen.
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Can vaccines be used on bacteria, viruses or both?
Both
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What does the MMR vaccine protect you against?
Measles, mumps and rubella
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Why can mass immunisation reduce the spread of diseases?
If the majority of the population is immunised then they will not get ill and pass on the disease to others.
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Why did the number of people taking the whooping cough vaccine reduce significantly in the late 1970s?
There was a scare that the vaccine caused brain damage in some children so people stopped letting their children take it.
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What happened to the number of cases of whooping cough during this period?
The number increased significantly.
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What happened when the vaccine uptake went back up?
The number of whooping cough cases decreased dramatically.
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How may crocodiles help fight pathogens in the future?
There is a chemical known as crocidillin that stops crocodiles getting infections and may be altered to make it work in humans.
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How could honey stop wounds getting infected?
Some types of honey have antibiotic properties and can kill many bacteria including MRSA, doctors can use dressings with honey in them to protect wounds from becoming infected.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What elements of a healthy diet does the body use for energy?

Back

Carbohydrates, proteins and fats

Card 3

Front

What is it called when you do not have a balanced diet?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What happens if you consume too much energy?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Who needs more energy – males or females?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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