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- People have more control over their lives and the economic requirements for children have been removed.
- The availability of contraception means that parents can decided when and how many children they will have.
- There are pension schemes and care facilities.
- Many families will have both adults in paid employment.
- Infant mortality rates are low due to development of healthcare systems and vaccinations.
- Compulsory education means that children are economically dependent on their parents until 16.
- Most women are in employment, so therefore having a child means paying childcare or giving up employment.
- Most parents want their children to have a standard of living at least equal to their own and therefore small families have become the norm.
- Women pursuing careers often have their children much later, thereby reducing the possibility of having a large family.
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- Fertility levels are highest in LEDC's.
- Children are seen as an addition to the workforce and potential breadwinners.
- In rural areas, families often live as part of an extended family and practise subsistence farming.
- Some of the children will work on the farms while others supplement the family income by finding employment in the growing urban areas.
- State pensions are rarely available and the duty of caring for the elderly usually falls on the children.
- Infant Mortality rates are high and so it is necessary for parents to have a larger family in order to ensure some will survive to adulthood.
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- Has low TFRs and an ageing population which means that the number of potential parents is reduced, leading to further reductions in the overall number of births.
- Women have a higher value in society and so are well educated. Better educated women generally are able to exercise more control over their reproductive lives, including delaying marriage and childbearing.
- The availability and acceptance of contraception has had a dramatic impact on fertility on MEDC's.
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- Female education is far from universal- women with at least a secondary level education eventually give birth to one-third to one-half as much children as women with no formal education.
- An Ethiopian woman with no education has 6.1 children on average but an educated Ethiopian women with secondary or higher education has 2.0 on average.
- Not as accepting of contraception due to position of women in society- In Africa, 28% of married women use contraception.
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