World Cities Notes
- Created by: The Shrew
- Created on: 13-06-15 10:38
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- World Cities
- Urbanisation
- Negative Impacts:
- Not enough housing for migrants, can't afford to buy/rent, so live on streets.
- Build their own houses, but on land unsuitable for construction so it is prone to flooding and landslides.
- Lack of basic services, so disease is common, eg. dysentery and typhoid.
- Differences in wealth creates social divisions between rich and poor, leads to crime and violence.
- Children growing up don't have access to education so they work to support their family - hard to escape the slum.
- High competition for jobs in the formal sector - well paid and regular work.
- Most end up working in the informal sector - low paid, not regular work and dangerous. No contract, little job security.
- Rapid population growth puts strain on the resources and public transport - air pollution and congestion.
- Not enough housing for migrants, can't afford to buy/rent, so live on streets.
- Negative Impacts:
- Suburbanisat-ion
- Push Factors:
- De-industrialisation of city centres resulted in a loss of jobs. Less money, shops and services forced to close. Fewer local services - people move.
- Housing in the city centre is poor quality and lacks basic services
- Pull Factors:
- Planning restrictions are less strict, and there are new housing estates built. Spacious green environment.
- Improved public transport and car ownership has meant that more people can commute.
- Businesses and shops move out to the suburbs as the land is cheaper - more jobs in the suburbs so people move too.
- Impacts of Suburbanisation on the City centre:
- Buildings in the city centre are abandoned and become derelict. run down.
- Wealthier middle class move to the Suburbs, leaving the poorer working class, often immigrants, in the city centre. Social and ethnic segregation.
- As businesses leave unemployment increases, which leads to lower living standards and poverty.
- Impacts of Suburbanisation on the Suburbs:
- More land is built on, disrupting wildlife and habitats.
- More areas concreted over, more surface run off, higher risk of flooding.
- More people own cars, people still commute to the city, increased congestion and air pollution.
- Push Factors:
- Counter-urbanisation
- Push Factors:
- High parking charges and congestion.
- Air and noise pollution.
- Increased house prices due to high demand, people don't get value for money.
- Pull Factors:
- Houses are less densely packed together, more green open spaces, better quality of life.
- Improved communication services (eg. wireless internet) means that people can work from home.
- Increased technological advancements mean that businesses can move from the city to urban areas where the land is cheaper - brings jobs.
- Increased car ownership and improvements to public transport mean that people can commute further
- Negative Impacts on rural areas:
- Developments (eg. housing estates) ruin the character of the rural villages.
- Increased demand for housing so house prices increase
- Younger generation can't afford, so population is dominated by older people.
- Schools may close if population is ageing - no families.
- Wealthier residents who own cars drive to urban areas to use shops and facilities
- Local services such as the bus service may close, as might local shops
- Positive Impacts on rural areas:
- Farmers can sell lands and property to make money.
- Old buildings are renovated and repaired
- Rural schools can stay open due to influx of pupils, so local children don't have to travel far to school.
- Services such as bars and restaurants see an increases in business as new residents are generally professionals or retired, so have more disposable income
- Push Factors:
- Reurbanisation
- Pull Factors
- UDCs (Urban Development Corporations) set up in the UK to regenerate declining urban areas, given power to buy land and regenerate.
- Universities are in cities - students move in
- Young single people move in to be closer to work in an area with good entertainment and leisure facilities such as clubs.
- they stay and have children - population grows
- Push Factors
- Lack of jobs in rural areas
- Lack of entertainment and leisure facilities
- House prices have increased dramatically because of counter-urbanisation
- Positive impacts on the city centre
- Tourists are attracted to the city centre - spend money, which boosts economy.
- Money can be spent further improving the area- attractions/public transport
- State schools benefit from influx of students
- People move back in, new shops and services open
- Creates jobs which reduces unemployment, reduces certain types of crime eg. theft
- Tourists are attracted to the city centre - spend money, which boosts economy.
- Negative impacts on the city centre
- original residents, who are generally on lower incomes can't afford the new house prices/rent, so move to a cheaper part of the city
- Social and economic tensions can arise from this, and can result in violence.
- Jobs created may be too skilled for the older residents who may have limited skills.
- Shops and services aimed at newer wealthier residents replace ones for older residents. nowhere to shop.
- Pull Factors
- Urbanisation
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