Occupation Theorists
- Created by: G-Hobbs
- Created on: 21-03-18 17:53
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- Occupation Theorists
- Grice, 1967 - maxims for cooperative principle
- Quality - speakers should tell the truth
- Quantity - should be as informative as is required; neither too little or too much
- Relevance - contributions should relate to the purpose of the exchange
- Manner - should be clear, orderly and brief, avoiding ambiguity
- Giles, 1973 - Accomodation theory
- convergence - use language to resemble that used by people around us
- Divergence - use language to distance ourselves from others
- Drew and Heritage, 1992 - discourse communities
- discourse communities share inferential frameworks: implicit ways of thinking, communicating and behaving
- hierarchies of power in organisations - asymmetrical relationships marked by language
- Goal Orientation - focus on one specific goal
- turn taking rules or restrictions - e.g. courtroom. sometimes unwritten rules e.g. patient-doctor consultations - dr asks questions
- Allowable contributions restrictions on what is 'allowable'
- Professional Lexis (jargon)
- Structure
- Asymmetry - one speaker has more power than another e.g. boss and employee
- French and Raven, 1959 - Five forms of Power
- Legitimate Power - based on position and power
- Referent Power - interpersonal skills
- Expert Power - skills and strengths
- Reward Power - ability to award those who follow
- Coercive power - use of negative influences
- Pateman, 1980 - oppressive and Repressive discourses
- Oppressive - open expression of power
- Repressive = exercising coercive power while minimizing overt status differences and good will
- Koester, 2004 - Phatic talk
- important to get jobs done
- workers need to establish interpersonal relationships and have interactions that aren't just about work
- being sociable and engaging in personal chat = effective working
- Solidarity - ability to connect with workmates - important dimension in workplace communication
- Goffman, 1959 - Face theory
- Face = public self image that every adult tries to protect
- Positive face = desire to be liked, admired, ratified and related to positivity
- Negative face = desire not to be imposed on i.e. "freedom of action and freedom from imposition"
- Brown and Levenson, 1978 - face threatening acts
- face threatening acts inherently damage the face of the speaker by acting in opposition to the desires of the other
- can be verbal, para verbal, non-verbal
- Politeness principles
- Bold-on-record strategy = doesn't minimise threats to the hearer
- Positive politeness strategy - shows recognition of hearers desire to be respected. confirms relationship is friendly and expresses group reciprocity
- Negative politeness strategy - recognise hearer's face and that you are imposing on them
- Off-record indirect strategy - take some presure off you. avoid direct fce threatening act of asking - wnat it to be offered.
- Swales,2011 - discourse communities
- share a set of common goals
- communicate internally, using and 'owning' one or more genres of communication
- use specialist lexis and discourse
- possess a required level of knowledge and skill to be considered eligible to participate in the community
- Grice, 1967 - maxims for cooperative principle
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