Gender theorists

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4 approaches in gender?
Dominance, Difference, Deficit, Other
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Theorists that fit into dominance approach?
Cheshire, Zimmerman&West, Spender, Russel, Kuiper,
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Theorists that fit into difference approach?
Coates, Tannen, Holmes, Pilkington, Trudgill
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Theorists that fit into deficit approach?
Lakoff
4 of 23
Theorists that fit into other?
Cameron, Hyde, O'bar&Atkins,
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Zimmerman & West
(Dominance)
Found 96% of all interruptions in mixed-sex conversations were made by men
6 of 23
Russell
(Dominance)
Women are frequently controlled by use of insulting language & many of insulting words for women associate with promiscuity e.g. '****'
Words referring to men often less insulting.
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Stanley
(Dominance)
220 words referring to promiscuous females but only 20 for males
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Kuiper
(Dominance)
Men use insults as a way of expressing solidarity
9 of 23
Spender
(Dominance)
Topic control, interruption, verbosity (long-windedness). Language is 'man-made'/ constructed by men as a way of embodying male dominance in society
10 of 23
Lakoff
(Deficit)
Identified features of women's language use: empty adjectives, excessively polite forms, euphemisms, more apologies than men, avoid taboo language, requests made indirectly, intensifiers, hedges, tag questions

Politeness principle:
Don't impose, Give opt
11 of 23
Tannen
(Difference)
6 main differences in ways males and females use language:
status vs support
independence vs intimacy
orders vs proposals
information vs feelings
advice vs understanding
conflict vs compromise
12 of 23
Coates
(Difference)
All- female talk is co-operative, based on negotiation & support. These patterns aren't found in mixed talk.
13 of 23
Pilkington
(Difference)
Women in same-sex talk were more collaborative than men were in all-male talk. Women aim for more positive politeness strategies but men are less complimentary & supportive in all-male talk.
14 of 23
Holmes
(Difference)
Claimed tag questions may not simply be a sign of uncertainty. Could be perceived as multifunctional
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Cheshire
(Difference)
Women more likely to adopt standard english than men because boys like 'toughness' rating they gain from using dialect. Interviewed boys in Reading- nearly all used non-standard talk
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Trudgill
(Difference)
Men tended to use more non standard forms. Covert prestige. Focused on suffix 'ing'
17 of 23
Cameron
(Other)
Critised idea that there are more innate diff. between men and womens speech. Doesn't focus on biological diff. but how speakers construct gender identities for themselves- gender stereotypes?
18 of 23
Obar & Atkins
(Other)
Men of lower-class backgrounds use similar features of womens language showing uncertainty e.g. hedges
Led them to believe features of uncertain speech were more dependent on power than gender.
19 of 23
Hyde
(Other)
More similarities than differences between male and female language. Age, class, gender, ethnicity, sexuality, occupation, education
20 of 23
generic man

overt prestige

covert prestige
use of masculine pronouns as generic pronouns when gender is unspecified is generally no longer accepted

standard english in order to give appearance of a higher social status/ higher level of power

non-standard english & informal language that goes ag
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semantic derogation

semantic deterioration

lexical asymmetry
In sense of negative meaning that some lexis has associated with it e.g. 'mistress'
Negative connotations become attached to words

male words & feminine equivalents are often unequal.
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marked terms

folklinguistics
terms for females are often marked by addition of a suffix to the male term which is unmarked

Attitudes & assumptions about language that have no real evidence to support them e.g. assumption women are more 'chatty' than men
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Theorists that fit into dominance approach?

Back

Cheshire, Zimmerman&West, Spender, Russel, Kuiper,

Card 3

Front

Theorists that fit into difference approach?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Theorists that fit into deficit approach?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Theorists that fit into other?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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