Memory 2 (Pg52-57)
- Created by: emg02
- Created on: 01-09-20 10:55
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- Memory 2 (Pg 52-)
- The Working Memory Model (WMM)
- Baddeley & Hitch (1974)
- An explanation of how one aspect of memory (STM) is organised and how it functions
- Concerned with the active "mental space" when we are temporarily storing and manipulating information ie. math problem, learning a language
- 4 components. each qualitatively different especially in terms of capacity and coding
- Central Executive
- The CE has a supervisory role
- Has very limited processing capacity and does not store information
- Phonological Loop
- The PL is one of the slave systems
- Deals with auditory info= acoustic coding
- Preserves the order in which info arrives
- Is subdivided into: The Phonological STORE (stores the words you hear) and the Articulatory Process (allows maintenance rehearsal = keeps in loop)
- "Loop" is thought to have a 2 second capacity
- Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad
- The VSS is the 2nd slave system and stores visual and/or spatial info when needed
- It has a limited capacity (about 3 objects)
- It can be subdivided into: the Visual Cache (stores visual data) and the Inner Scribe (records the arrangement of objects in the visual field).
- Episodic Buffer
- The EB is the 3rd slave system
- Added by Baddeley in 2000
- It's a temporary store for information, integrating visual, spatial and verbal info processed by other stores and maintaining a sense of time-sequencing
- Can be seen as storage component for CE, but has limited capacity of about 4 chunks.
- Records events/episodes that occur
- Can be seen as storage component for CE, but has limited capacity of about 4 chunks.
- Links working memory to LTM and wider cognitive processes such as perception
- Explanations for Forgetting: Interference
- When 2 pieces of info disrupt each other= forgetting one or both pieces of info, or some distortion of memory
- Mainly for LTM as once info is in LTM, it's pretty much permanent so if can't remember it's because the memory even though it's available
- Interference between memories makes them harder to locate, experienced as "forgetting"
- Types of Interference
- Proactive Interference: Older memory interferes with new ie. teacher learned so many names in past so can't remember new class names
- You remember the OLD information
- Retroactive interference: Newer memory interferes with older one ie. teacher learned so many new names this year, she can't remember the names of students last year
- You remember NEW info
- Proactive Interference: Older memory interferes with new ie. teacher learned so many names in past so can't remember new class names
- Research on Effects of Similarity
- McGeoch & McDonald (1931) In both PI and RI, the interference is worse when the memories (or learning) are similar.
- Could be due to PI- previously-stored info makes new similar info harder to store
- Could be due to RI- new info overwrites previous similar memories because of the similarity
- Could be due to PI- previously-stored info makes new similar info harder to store
- McGeoch & McDonald (1931) In both PI and RI, the interference is worse when the memories (or learning) are similar.
- Explanations for Forgetting: Retrieval Failure
- Forgetting may be due to insufficient cues
- Initial memory storage= cues stored simultaneously
- When right cues aren't given, we can't access the memories= retrieval failure
- Tulving (1983) Encoding Specificity Principle
- If a cue is going to be helpful, it has to be present at coding (learning) and present at retrieval (recall)
- If cues available are different from those at coding and needed at retrieval, retrieval failure will occur
- Some cues are mneumonic= meaningful
- If a cue is going to be helpful, it has to be present at coding (learning) and present at retrieval (recall)
- State-DF
- Carter & Cassaday (1998) gave antihistamine drugs to pps= mild drowsiness= internal change in state
- Pps learnt words and passages of prose and then recall learnt on/off drug and recalled on/off drug, of same or reverse. When state wasn't the same, recall was worse.
- When state cues are absent (state), recall is worse
- Carter & Cassaday (1998) gave antihistamine drugs to pps= mild drowsiness= internal change in state
- The Working Memory Model (WMM)
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