Schizophrenia
cards on names of research
- Created by: rosa :)
- Created on: 17-06-12 20:32
The Dopamiane Hypothesis
Drugs- amphedamines, chlorpromazine
Parkinsons- LDOPA
postmortems- Falkai
PET scans- Lindestroem
serotonine? - Naheed and green
Delay in effects
diathesis stress model- Zubin and spring
Brain structure
Brown- brain weight and enlarged ventricles
anderson- Brain CAT scans
torrey- 15 times bigger
suddath- MZ twins
socio cultural theory
Expressed Emotion- Kalafi and torabi (iranien)
Double Bind
Season of birth- Pederson and Mortemson (density), Torrey (viral infections)
High Risk Children - Isrealie high risk study
Cognitive
Brain abnormalities causes distubances in thinking which characterize schizphrenia, problems in filtering causing confsion
Hemsley's Model - Filtering incomming and sorted information, not knowing what to attend to (hippocampus)
Frith's Model- breakdown between conscious and preconscious information, they think they have to attend to preconscious material and dont register when a memory has come from their memory, not new incomming material, causing hallucinations (hippocampus and pre frontal cortex)
- Bental - word lists
- frith and done- cant generate many responces
- myer lindenberg et al- link between poor working memory and cognitive functioning
- scheikle et al- case study of a man who got hallucinations after developing a brain abcess
clinical characteristics
key symptoms-
- perception of reality
- thinking
- social skills
- emotions
onset- women 50+ men 50- transition into adulthood
DSM and ICD
Positive and negative
subtypes
- catatonic, paranoid, disorganised, undifferentiated, residual
reliability
was criticised > APA president said it was reliable > klerman said it was reliable
Beck et al> concordence rate of 52% in 1962, but suddaman in '05 said it was 81%
Kappa scale > maj et al 0.2 on scale > maj et al said SZ was the hardest to diagnose > Hasin said it is between 0.66 and 0.75 for a diagnosis
retrospective interviews
Cultural differences affecting reliability- littlewood- black people are more likely to have a diagnosis changed > McGovern- cannabis psychosis is given to 27% african american and 1.2% white
Validity
1. similar disorders > schizoaffective, schizophrenaform
2. multiple symptoms > many symptoms under one catagory are we diagnosing the same thing?
3.differential diagnosis > temporal lobe epilepsy, drug induced psychosis
4. multiple diagnosis > negative schizophrenia or deppression and schizophrenia
5. cultural differences > Kim and Berrios, japan and stigma, inner cities and urban stress?, western more recognised, nijeria- evil spirits
Genetics
- runs in families> genetic link
- 1st degree relative 6% whereas none is 1%
- share 50% genes with 1st degree and only 25% with second
- Kendler- 18 times more likely
- Gottesman- as relatedness increases...
- Kety Copenhagen high risk - 104 LR and 207 HR LR- 1.9% HR 16%
- Twinstudies monozygotic and duyozygotic
- Gottesman and shields 45000 > 57 pais, MZ 43% DZ was 9%
- Cardno et al > MZ was 40% and DZ was 9%
- Adoption studies
- Heston et al - biological and adopted , none biological whereas 10.4% adopted
drug therapy
Research
- schooler- tested both
- Marder and Meibach - tested both against a placebo
- kane- 66% then a third on A typical
- windgassen- 50% 18% 16% 16%
- parkinsons
- not negative symptoms
- 30-70% imporve
- into society
- stabalize for psychological therapies
ECT
How it works?
- paralyse, anathesic to put them to sleep
- electrode on tempal and forehead or above both tempals
- electric current for 1-2 seconds
- 3-4 sessions a week for a period of time then one every now and then to stop a relapse
Research
- developped by Cerletti and Bini
- Tharyan- only impoved half patiend symptoms and this was only short term
- only 20% of people imporve even when combined with drugs
- memory loss
- high relapse rate
- only when other drugs fail
Psychological therapies
Cognative
- Bech- cognitive reconstruction therapy
- Ellis -(ABC) rational emotive behavioural therapy
- Meichenbaum- self inoculation therapy
- kingsington and turkington - 70% improve
- chadwick 10 in 12 get better
humanistic
- Rodgers- client centered therapy
- Davison- Social skills therapy
Psychodynamic (freud and roth)
- dream analysis, role play and free association - roth sullivan
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