Schizophrenia

Drugs- amphedamines, chlorpromazine

Parkinsons- LDOPA

postmortems- Falkai

PET scans- Lindestroem

serotonine? - Naheed and green

Delay in effects

diathesis stress model- Zubin and spring

Brown- brain weight and enlarged ventricles

anderson- Brain CAT scans

torrey-  15 times bigger

suddath- MZ twins

Expressed Emotion-  Kalafi and torabi (iranien)

Double Bind

Season of birth- Pederson and Mortemson (density), Torrey (viral infections)

High Risk Children - Isrealie high risk study

Brain abnormalities causes distubances in thinking which characterize schizphrenia, problems in filtering causing confsion

Hemsley's Model - Filtering incomming and sorted information, not knowing what to attend to (hippocampus)

Frith's Model- breakdown between conscious and preconscious information, they think they have to attend to preconscious material and dont register when a memory has come from their memory, not new incomming material, causing hallucinations (hippocampus and pre frontal cortex)

• Bental - word lists
• frith and done- cant generate many responces
• myer lindenberg et al- link between poor working memory and cognitive functioning
• scheikle et al- case study of a man who got hallucinations after developing a brain abcess

key symptoms-

• perception of reality
• thinking
• social skills
• emotions

 onset-  women 50+ men 50- transition into adulthood

DSM and ICD

Positive and negative

subtypes

• catatonic, paranoid, disorganised, undifferentiated, residual

was criticised > APA president said it was reliable > klerman said it was reliable

Beck et al> concordence rate of 52% in 1962, but suddaman in '05 said it was 81%

Kappa scale  > maj et al 0.2 on scale > maj et al said SZ was the hardest to diagnose > Hasin said it is between 0.66 and 0.75 for a diagnosis

retrospective interviews

Cultural differences affecting reliability-  littlewood- black people are more likely to have a diagnosis changed > McGovern- cannabis psychosis is given to 27% african american and 1.2% white

1.  similar disorders > schizoaffective, schizophrenaform

2. multiple symptoms > many symptoms under one catagory are we diagnosing the same thing?

3.differential diagnosis > temporal lobe epilepsy, drug induced psychosis

4. multiple diagnosis > negative schizophrenia or deppression and schizophrenia

5. cultural differences > Kim and Berrios, japan and stigma, inner cities and urban stress?, western more recognised, nijeria- evil spirits

• runs in families> genetic link
• 1st degree relative 6% whereas none is 1%
• share 50% genes with 1st degree and only 25% with second
• Kendler- 18 times more likely
• Gottesman- as relatedness increases...
• Kety Copenhagen high risk - 104 LR and 207 HR LR- 1.9% HR 16%
• Twinstudies monozygotic and duyozygotic
• Gottesman and shields 45000 > 57 pais, MZ 43% DZ was 9%
• Cardno et al > MZ was 40% and DZ was 9%
• Adoption studies
• Heston et al - biological and adopted , none biological whereas 10.4% adopted

Research

• schooler- tested both
• Marder and Meibach - tested both against a placebo
• kane- 66% then a third on A typical
• windgassen- 50% 18% 16% 16%
• parkinsons
• not negative symptoms
• 30-70% imporve
• into society
• stabalize for psychological therapies

How it works?

• paralyse, anathesic to put them to sleep
• electrode on tempal and forehead or above both tempals
• electric current for 1-2 seconds
• 3-4 sessions a week for a period of time then one every now and then to stop a relapse

Research

• developped by Cerletti and Bini
• Tharyan- only impoved half patiend symptoms and this was only short term
• only 20% of people imporve even when combined with drugs
• memory loss
• high relapse rate
• only when other drugs fail

Cognative

• Bech- cognitive reconstruction therapy
• Ellis -(ABC) rational emotive behavioural therapy
• Meichenbaum- self inoculation therapy
• kingsington and turkington - 70% improve
• chadwick 10 in 12 get better

humanistic

• Rodgers- client centered therapy
• Davison- Social skills therapy

Psychodynamic (freud and roth)

• dream analysis, role play and free association - roth sullivan