Language and gender mindmap

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  • LANGUAGE AND GENDER
    • DEFECIT APPROACH
      • OTTO JESPERSON
        • women talk a lot
        • women use half finished sentences
        • emotional rather than grammatical
        • use empty adjectives
        • have smaller vocabulary
        • avoid expletives and direct expressions
      • ROBIN LAKOFF
        • women use hedges e.g sort of, kind of
        • use super polite terms
        • use tag questions
        • use empty adjectives
        • apologise more
        • avoid expletives
    • DOMINANCE APPROACH
      • ZIMMERMAN AND WEST
        • said that men interrupt more than women
        • men interrupted 41 times, women only interrupted twice
      • BEATTIE
        • Criticised Zimmerman and West
        • said men and women interrupt at equal frequencies
        • interruptions don't always reflect dominance
      • SPENDER
        • said that language is gender neutral
        • difference between male and female language is hardly noticable
      • O'BARR AND ATKINS
        • said that both men and women use same language features
        • language differences are situation specific; a woman who is a nurse will speak differently to a woman who is a lawyer
    • DIFFERENCE APPROACH
      • TANNEN
        • men and women speak differently because they have different cultures
        • status v support
        • independence v intimacy
        • advice v understanding
        • information v feelings
        • orders v proposals
        • conflict v compromise
      • HOWE
        • men seek power
        • men are more responsive in conversations
        • women are active listeners
      • WEATHERALL
        • women are cooperative and speak less
        • men are more competitive and speak more directly
      • CAMERON
        • all theories are biased and too generalised
        • should focus on similarites rather than differences
        • language differs because of personal experience
      • COATES- women have 4 ways of speaking
        • bitching
        • chatting
        • scandal
        • housetalk
      • PILKINGTON
        • women support conversation by agreeing reguarly
        • men disagree and challeneg what is being said by using insults
      • CHESHIRE/ TRUDGILL
        • CHESHIRE- men use more non grammatical features
        • TRUDGILL- women's pronunciation is closer to RP

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