What were the unions who supported the unskilled workers known as?
New Unions or Mass Unions
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How were the new unions different from older unions?
Membership was not dependent on belonging to a particular trade.
Militant approach - strike action.
Low subscriptions.
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What did craft unions do in reaction to the growth of the new unions?
Allowed the recruitment of unskilled members at a lower subscription and were prepared to be more militant.
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What were the reasons for the growth of new unionism?
*Uncertain economic climate - tough conditions =fight for wages/conditions
*Education - right to vote for WC = confidence
*Leading socialists encouraged workers
*High profile strikes - successful - gave confidence.
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What led to a falling-off of membership of the new unions?
A downturn in the economy.
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What did Employers' Federations do?
Drew up registers of non union workers and coordinated lock outs to defeat strikes.
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By 1900, what was the trade union membership?
2 million
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What did the connection between trade unions and socialism encourage leaders of new unions to do?
Cooperate to form the Labour Party, trade unions used their funds to help Labour candidates in seats in Parliament.
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What was the Taff Vale case?
Strike of the Taff Vale railay workers - te company sued the union for £23,000 damages and won.
Unions were afraid to strike.
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What did the Trades Disputes Act reverse?
Taff Vale ddecision - no case could be brought against a union for damages caused by a strike.
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What did the Osborne case threaten?
Trade union ability to use their funds for political purposes.
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What did the Trade Union Act do?
Partially reversed the Osborne Judgement and allowed trade unions to set up a separate political fund.
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What had trade union membershi risen to by 1914?
4 million
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What was the 'triple alliance'?
Miners,railwaymen and transport workers formed for the purpose of giving mutual support during strike action.
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By the end of the 19th century what was the political outlook like for women?
*They could not vote or become MPs
*Men believed women should not be involved with the affairs of the state.
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What formed in 1897 by Millicent Fawcet?
The National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies
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What did the NUWSS campaign for?
Equal rights with men
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What formed in 1903 by Emmeline Pankhurst?
The Women's Social and Political Union
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What did the WSPU want to achieve?
Immediate enfranchisement for women by political action and to put right any other socialinjustices suffered by women.
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Who first refered to the WSPU as suffragettes?
The Daily Mail
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Why were Liberals fearful if women got the vote?
They feared they would vote conservative
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What did the Qualification of Women Act of 1907 do?
Gave women the right to be elected onto local councils and to take the position of mayor.
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What was the result of Asquith allowing a vote on a franchise bill for women?
Nothing - it didn't make it past second reading
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How did Pankhurst react to the failure of the franchise bills?
Sanctioned a new phase of violence which kept the movement alive.
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What did the government order for women who were arrested and refused to eat?
Force-feeding
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What did the publicity of force-feeding the women lead to?
The Cat and Mouse Act in 1913 - released suffragettes allowing them time to recover and then rearrested them.
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Wat was the most famous suffraette action?
Emily Davidson - ran across the racecourse at Epsom in front of the king's horse and was fatally injured.
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What did the suffragettes do when war hit?
Called off their campaign and focused fully on the war effort.
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From the 1901 census, what % of the population lived in urban areas?
77%
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What were Britain's largest cities?
London
Glasgow
Birmingham
Manchester
Liverpool
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What city improvement schemes were operated by town councils?
Gas and clean water supplies
Art galleries
Museums
University colleges
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What caused low life expectancy and high infant mortality rates in urban areas?
Bad housing conditions and lack of health care.
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What did Charles Booth and Seebohn Rowntree find about poverty in urban areas?
Up to 30% of urban dwellers lived in poverty
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Where was there growth in sectors?
*Railways = widespread travel for entertainment/leisure, press and post expanded
*Retail sector - department stores opened in every city centre.
*Financial services - banking and building societies and gave rise to new professions.
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When did the standard of living increase for most people?
1886-1914
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What increased life expectancy?
Scientific and technological advances as well as a better understanding of health issues.
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Why did those working in 'sweated industries' not see an improved standard of living?
Those workplaces were not covered by the factory act and had no union to protect them.
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What % of the urban population were classed as 'very poor'?
10
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What did Booth and Rowntree identify the main causes of poverty as?
Low wages
Lack of regular work
Suporting large families
Ill health/old age
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
How were the new unions different from older unions?
Back
Membership was not dependent on belonging to a particular trade.
Militant approach - strike action.
Low subscriptions.
Card 3
Front
What did craft unions do in reaction to the growth of the new unions?
Back
Card 4
Front
What were the reasons for the growth of new unionism?
Back
Card 5
Front
What led to a falling-off of membership of the new unions?
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