PS111 - CNS/Brain

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  • Created by: Steff06
  • Created on: 20-10-16 09:30
What responds to changes in the environment?
Different, specialised types of receptor cells.
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Define sensory adaptation
Getting used to a specific stimulus.
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Where do neurons transmitting precisely localised information send axons to?
To the top of the spinal cord (medulla).
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What do neurons transmitting poorly localised information do when entering the spinal cord?
Synapse immediately with other neurons.
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What do sensory neurons from the head send and to where?
Send axons directly into the brain via cranial nerves e.g. the optic nerve.
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What are integrated at each relay station?
Incoming signals from lower, higher and same-level processing stages.
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What does lower processing stages refer to?
Earlier in the processing stream.
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Where do ganglion cells send their signals to?
Send signals to the thalamus.
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What determines if a cell can become active?
A combined input.
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What does the brain stem consist of?
The hindbrain and midbrain.
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What is the hindbrain made up of?
The medulla, pons and cerebellum.
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Where does the spinal cord enter the brain?
At the medulla and pons.
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What is the function of the brain stem?
Contains several nuclei of the autonomic nervous system.
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What is the function of the cerebellum?
Balance and motor learning.
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Where is the midbrain located?
Positioned above the pons.
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What are the functions of the midbrain?
Combination of information from different sense modalities, direction of attention.
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Where is the thalamus positioned?
Large structure on top of the midbrain, deep in the centre of the brain.
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What does the thalamus act as for incoming sensory signals?
Acts as the main relay station.
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Where does the thalamus receive input from and what effect does this have?
Receives downward-going input from higher areas, modulating the relay of sensory signals.
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Where is the hypothalamus located in the brain?
Small structure in front of and below the thalamus.
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What is the hypothalamus directly connected to?
Directly connected to the pituitary gland.
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How can the nervous system influence the endocrine system?
Influence it via the hypothalamus.
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Where do incoming signals go from the diencephalon?
Go up to the cerebrum.
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How is the cerebral hemisphere divided and what are they covered in?
Divided into 2 hemisphere, each covered in cerebral cortex and contain groups of sub-cortical nuclei.
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What are sub-cortical nuclei?
Tight clusters of neuron's cell bodies.
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Where does each hemisphere mainly receive input from and send outputs to?
The contralateral side of the body.
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What are basal ganglia and where are they located?
Group of nuclei surrounding the thalamus.
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What are basal ganglia involved in and what do they consist of?
Involved in motor control processes. Consist of globus pallidus, putamen and caudate.
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What are putamen and caudate often referred to as?
Corpus striatum.
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What part of the system do amygdala belong to?
The limbic system.
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What does the limbic system play a role in?
Crucial role in memory and emotion.
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Define sub-cortical
Almost complete circle formed by fornix and hippocampus, ending in mammillary body and amygdale.
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Define cortical
Cingulate cortex directly above the corpus callosum.
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What is the limbic system connected to?
The hypothalamus and the olfactory system.
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What is the cerebral cortex?
Thin layers of neurons which cover the whole hemisphere.
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What is the corpus callosum?
Thick bundle of axons connecting the 2 hemispheres.
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What does all of the signal transfer between the cortices of the hemispheres?
The corpus callosum.
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What are outward and inward folded areas known as?
Outward = Gyri. Inward = Sulci
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What is the longitudinal fissure?
The largest sulcus, separating the left and right hemisphere.
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What are smaller sulci used to define?
Define boundaries of cerebral lobes.
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What are the occipital lobe and temporal lobe used for?
Occipital (back) = visual perception. Temporal (sides) = auditory perception.
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What are the parietal lobe and the frontal lobe used for?
Parietal (top) = somatosensory perception, inter-sensory, sensory-motor integration. Frontal (front) = Planning+motor output.
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What signals are relayed to the somato-sensory cortex (pareital lobe)?
Signals from skin, muscles and joints.
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What affects how is an incoming signal is interpreted?
The location in the brain where the signal arrives.
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What is topographic representation?
Inside the specific sensory areas, signals arrive at positions corresponding to the position of the receptor cells.
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Define somatotopic map
Signals from the hand arrive in hand area of somatosensory cortex.
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What is the retinotopic map?
Visual signals from neighbouring retinal positions arrive at neighbouring positions in the primary visual cortex.
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What is a tonotopic map?
Auditory signals from adjacent areas of the cochlea arrive at adjacent areas in the primary auditory cortex.
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In which direction do neurons transmit signals?
Neurons only transmit signals in one direction.
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Where does the input come from?
Some comes from lower processing stages, higher processing areas or lateral areas.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Define sensory adaptation

Back

Getting used to a specific stimulus.

Card 3

Front

Where do neurons transmitting precisely localised information send axons to?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What do neurons transmitting poorly localised information do when entering the spinal cord?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What do sensory neurons from the head send and to where?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

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