London Contemporary Urban Environments

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How much did the population increase in 2012?
1.3% to 8.3 million
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How big is metropolitan London?
13.8 million
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How much of the UK's total economic output does London generate?
22%
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What percentage of the UK's total scheduled flights does London carry?
75% ad London's three airports are Heathrow, City and Gatwick
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How many jobs have the financial and business services brought in?
550,000 since 1993
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What percentage of children live below the poverty line?
43%
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What are the five consequences of urbanisation?
Urban sprawl, Shortage of housing, Lack of urban services, Unemployment and Transport issues
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Urban Sprawl in London
Traffic congestion, general transport issues, lack of urban services and waste disposal
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Shortage of Housing in London
High house price and rental, average house price rose by 50% between 2010-2015, fuelled by migration, gentrification and investors, major overseas hub
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Lack of Urban Services in London
Sewage systems built in the C19th have had pressure put on them since population has increased. Tide Thames Wave scheme £1.7bn 2004 tunnel under river by 2020
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Unemployment in London
280,000 unemployed in 2016, mass unemployment in the Docklands as no jobs for low skilled workers so also underemployment
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Transport Issues in London
Congestion charge introduced in 2003, Crossrail opening fully by 2019 will increase capacity by 10%
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Why is London considered a mega city and a world city?
One of the most ethnically diverse cities, fewer than half are white, houses government, parliament, the Prime Minister and the Queen, Silicon Roundabout
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London's roles in the global and regional economies
Economy grew by 12.5% between 2007-11, fifth richest city in the world, GDP in inner city is 328% of average in the EU
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Suburbanisation in London (Urbanisation)
Wealthier people move to the suburbs in Green Belt since 1900 e.g. Milton Keynes, Causes split in inner city between rich and poor, 1700 pop tripled, 1800 pop tripled and spread
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Counter-urbanisation in London (Urbanisation)
1980s London experienced a net outward migration, but most continued to work in the city
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Urban Resurgence in London (Urbanisation)
London Docklands
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Deindustrialisation in London (Urbanisation)
1970s-1980s was cheaper abroad, Asia's cheap workforce, investment directed by Thatcher to property (new image), tourism (fastest growing industry) and 'knowledge' economy (high value expertise)
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Contemporary Characteristics (Urban Forms)
Seen as one of the most cosmopolitan and tolerant cities (World Culture Forum), worth 24% of the UK's exports
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Urban Characteristics in Contrasting Settings (Urban Forms)
6 of the London boroughs are in the most deprived areas in England e.g. Hackney, 3rd highest number of billionaires, 8.5% unemployment, top 10% earn 4.5 times more than the bottom 10%
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Physical and Human Factors (Urban Forms)
Regular smog events in the C20th, Clean Air Act 1956 and LEZ, centre 10 degrees warmer than surrounding rural areas, River Thames 215 miles
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Spatial Patterns and Land Use (Urban Forms)
Square Mile 600,000 employees, East London is redevelopment area
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Social and Economic Issues Associated with Urbanisation
150,000 Bangladeshi immigrants in London, came in 1950s/60s for employment, families came in 70s to escape conflict, initially took low skilled/ payed jobs, moved to restaurants and shops around Brick Lane area
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Is London a post-modern western city?
YES.
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Fragmented Urban Forms, edge cities (post-modern western city)
Yes, 33 boroughs each with their own communities, Croydon and South London not added until recently
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Focused on Service Knowledge then Traditional Industry (post-modern western city)
Yes, one of the financial centres of the world as the most important location for international finance. 480 overseas banks. Canary Wharf. Margret Thatcher
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Eclectic and Varied Architecture (post-modern western city)
Yes, London Docklands architect from America to give modern design, Orbit in olympic park
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Flagship Developments (post-modern western city)
Yes, Docklands, Olympic Park
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Greater Ethnic Diversity but also Greater Inequality and Polarisation (post-modern western city)
Yes, 2011 census showed 36.7% of Greater London's population was born outside of the UK, 150,00 Bangladeshi in London
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Urban Heat Island in London
Temperature in centre can be up to 10 degrees hotter than surrounding areas. Walkie Talkie building concentrates sunlight in one place for 2 hours a day for 2-3 weeks a year because its made of glass
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Management for UHI in London
Green space and vegetation increased where new developments need to reach specific requirements. Olympic park and River Lea bio-engineering 1) Green Belt 2) New developments needs green space, walls, roofs
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Urban Wind in London
The Shard (309m) faceted tapering air for a similar effect to help wind slow around building. Canopies near ground to protect pedestrians from localised wind (down draft). Porous screens reduce local flow speed. Trees and public art break wind speed
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Air Quality in London
Great Smog 1952 5th-9th December, 12,000 deaths, cold December climate and anticyclone, people heated their homes with coal, particulate yellow-brown colour ('pea soup'), couldn't see more than a few meters
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Pollution Reduction Policies in London
Reduce the number of cars by reducing people's dependency, ensure cars have ultra low emission, encourage sustainable travel, green infrastructure, congestion charge, LEZ, Crossrail, innovating technologies (retrofitting older cars)
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Air Pollution in London
Due to vehicles, heating and energy use, 49-52 micrograms per meter cubed, clean air act congestion charge
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Water Pollution in London
Due to sewage, surface run-off from misconnected pipes. Environmental Agency Good Practice document 2009, Cleaner Thames Campaign 2015, Thames Tidal Tunnel
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Dereliction in London
Brownfield land has largely been redeveloped e.g. Docklands, dwellings built on brownfield sites between 1997-2009 increased from 56% to 80%. Improves physical environment, reduces dust, construction materials removed
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

How big is metropolitan London?

Back

13.8 million

Card 3

Front

How much of the UK's total economic output does London generate?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What percentage of the UK's total scheduled flights does London carry?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

How many jobs have the financial and business services brought in?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

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