Aspects of International Relations

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  • Created by: Annagc
  • Created on: 08-03-17 19:49
Some of Wilson's Fourteen Points
Free access to the seas in peacetime or wartime, Work towards disarmament, colonies have a say in their own future, France to regain Alsace-Lorraine, Self-determination, League of Nations to be set up
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How did the Treaty of Versailles punish Germany
Had to accept blame, pay 6.6 billion in reparations, German Empire was taken away, Togoland and Cameroon went to Britain and France, they couldn't join the League
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How was the German Army impacted by the Treaty of Versailles (GARGLE)
100,000 men, conscription was banned, no armoured vehicles, submarines or aircraft, only 6 battleships, Rhineland was demilitarised
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What was taken away from Germany in the Treaty of Versailles that made them react angrily
16% of its coalfields, 50% of iron and steel industries, 10% of it's land, all it's overseas colonies, 12% of it's population
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What is the 'Stab in the Back' theory
The German army being stabbed in the back by politicians called the 'November Criminals' who signed the treaty of versailles
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What was the treaty described as in Gremany
Diktat - dictated peace
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Who was the leader of the Social democrats
Federich Ebert
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What was the new German democratic government called and what was the problem with it?
Weimar Republic and it was very fragile and forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles which made it very unpopular
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David Lloyd George's attitude to the Treaty of Versailles
Wouldn't accept the 14 points, didn't want to help France destroy Germany and wanted there to be little territorial loses for Germany, described it as a 'great pity'. He wanted Germany to act as a buffer for communism.
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Wilson's attitude to the Treaty of Versailles
Compromised on his 14 points, congress voted against the treaty, had to accept that Germany wasn't given self-determination. America didn't join the war until 1917
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George Clemenceau's attitude to the Treaty of Versailles
it wasn't harsh enough, wanted Germany's frontier to be pushed back to the Rhine river but it was rejected. Four million French soldiers were killed or injured.
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The Treaty of St. Germain
September 1919-23, Austria, Military restrictions - Max army of 30,000 men, lost Galacia to Poland, Croatia, Bosnia, Herzegovina to Serbia, forbidden to unite with Germany
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Treaty of Neuilly
November 1919, Bulgaria, Military restrictions - army 20,000, £100 million i reparations, Western Thrace went to Greece, Lost land to Yugoslavia
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Treaty of Trianon
June 1920, Hungary, army of 35,000, Slovakia and Ruthenia went to Czechoslovakia, Transylvania went to Romania, Slovenia and Croatia went to Yugoslavia
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Treaty of Sevres
August 1920, Turkey, Syria controlled by France, Iraq controlled by Britain, Arabia was make independent, lost Smyrna and Eastern Thrace to Greece
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Treaty of Lausanne
July 1923, Turkey, recovered Smyrna and Eastern Thrace, no limits on the armed forces
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Problems with the treaties
Governments of Hungary and Turkey were overthrown, 3 million Hungarians living outside Turkey, couldn't give all nations self-determination, new independent states were small and weak
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Why did Wilson want the league of nations
to avoid the mass slaughter of war, solves disputes peacefully, to act as a world parliament
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Aims of the League
Discourage aggression, encourage countries to cooperate in business, encourage disarmament, improve living and working conditions
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Why did America not join the League of Nations
Some Americans had German ancestors who hated the treaty of Versailles, feared US soldier casualties , afraid that trade will suffer because of the sanctions,Britain and France would dominate but America was anti-empires
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The league's structure - the Council
Members - Britain, France, Italy and Japan, met 5 times a year, had the power of veto, powers were moral condemnation, economic sanctions, refuse trade and military force
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The league's structure - The Assembly
league's parliament, met once a year, decisions had to be unanimous
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The league's structure - The Secretariat
Civil service, kept the league's records and organised reports
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The league's structure - Court of International Justice
settles disputes about borders, they couldn't make countries follow their ruling
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The league's Structre - The Mandates Commission
Made sure Britain and France acted in the interest of the people, they got complaints from Palestine that Britain wasn't running the mandated territory properly
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The league's structure - The Refugee's committee
Helped return refugees to their homes, worked to eradicate cholera, smallpox and dysentry from refugee camps
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The league's structure - The slavery commission
worked to abolish slavery, freed 200,000 slaves from Sierra Leone
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The league's structure - the health committe
Deal with outbreaks of infectious diseases and educate people about health
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The league's problems
No army, slow to make decisions, USA never joined, powerful Germany and Soviet Union couldn't join, Britain and France had other priorities,little power to punish
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Failure of the league - Vilna 1920
It was claimed by Poland and Lithuania and polish forces refused to leave, They tried to negotiate but just confirmed Poland's occupation of Vilna
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Success of the league - The Aaland Islands 1921
Sweden and Finland claimed the islands, the league gave them to Finland
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Success of the league - Upper Silesia
Contained a lot of Poles and Germans, they held a plebiscite and gave gemany over half the land and Poles most of the industry
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Success of the league - Economic collapse in Austria and Hungary 1922-3
They faced bankruptcy, the league arranged international loans and temporarily took over the economy and they recovered
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Success of the league - Corfu 1923
Five italian surveyors were killed in Greece and Mussolini demanded compensation, league pressured Greece and they apologized and paid and Mussolini withdrew forces
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Success pf the league - Greek-Bulgarian dispute 1925
Tension on the border, the league condemned Greece's actions and pressured them to withdraw which they did
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Disarmament - 1921 Washington Conference
USA, Britain, France, Japan agree to limit navies
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Disarmament - 1925 Locarno Treaty
Germany accepted borders with France and Belgium and agreed to demilitarize the Rhineland
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Disarmament - 1925 Kellogg-Briand Pact
65 nations agreed to not use force to settle disputes and to keep armies for self defense
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Three diseases that the Refugee Committee tried to eradicate
cholera, smallpox and dysentry
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How did the ILO help children
Limited working hours and stopped small children working
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What was the ILO's biggest aim
Improve working conditions
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What social problems did the league try to reduce
drug trafficking, prostitution and slavery
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How was Britain harmed by the economic depression
High unemployment so they weren't willing to get involved in international disputes
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How was Germany harmed by the economic depression
Poverty and unemployment resulted in the Nazis being elected
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How was japan affected by the economic depression
Threat of a complete collapse in industry so they took over Manchuria
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How was Italy affected by the economic depression
Economic problems resulted in Mussolini trying to build an overseas empire
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How was France affected by the economic depression
They were worried about the situation in Germany so they built a series of frontier defences on its border with Germany
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How was the USA affected by the economic depression
They were unwilling to support the League's economic sanctions
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How did American isolationism harm the league
They took no interest in national affairs, no loans, the league could take less military action and they couldn't threaten aggressive nations
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How did the rise of extremist governments harm the league
Increasing challenges to peace treaties , countries tried to fix economic problems by conquering new lands
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How did weakening of Britain and France harm the league
Reduced their ability to take military action and threaten aggressive nations
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Why did Japan invade Manchuria
They didn't have iron or coal, they imported food from China, they controlled the south Manchurian railway, Japan was affected by the depression, the Japanese army and navy were very powerful , the growing population needed resources
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Stages of the Manchurian crisis
Japan claimed South Manchurian railway had been attacked at Mukden, so japan invaded and set up a puppet government called Manchuko, china appealed to league and they produced the Lord Lytton Report which told Japan to return Manchuria , they ignored
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When did Japan invade Manchuria
September 1931
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When was the Lord Lytton report
September 1932
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When did Japan resign from the League
March 1933
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Why were the League's attempts to solve the Manchurian crisis useless
Japan was trading partners with USA and France and Britain wouldn't risk war
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Economic reasons for Italy invading Abyssinia
Mussolini wanted fertile land and mineral wealth
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Nationalistic reasons for Italy invading Abyssinia
Wanted to rebuild roman empire as it would make Italy strong and powerful
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4 reasons for Italy invading Manchuria
Avenge humiliation from Battle of Adowa, great depression and unemployment, distract Italian people, it was the only part of Africa not under European control
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Abyssinian Crisis December 1934
Clash of Italian and Abyssinian soldiers at the Wal Wal oasis, Mussolini prepared for invasion
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Abyssinian Crisis September 1935
British foreign Secretary Hoare made a speech to Assembly calling for resistance to Italian aggression
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Abyssinian Crisis October 1935
Invasion begins, League condemned Italy and imposed sanctions (not coal, iron and oil) America continued to trade with Italy, Britain and France kept Suez canal open
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Abyssinian Crisis December 1935
Hoare-Laval plan - Abyssinia split with Italy gaining the land
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Abyssinian Crisis May 1936
Italian army captured capital Addis Ababa
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When did Germany leave the League of Nations
October 1933
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What did Germany use as a reason to leave the League
France wouldn't disarm or allow German rearmament
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When and how many of the Saar vote to rejoin Germany
January 1935 and 90%
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What did Hitler announce in March 1935
Germany had a military air force (the Luftwaffe)
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When did Hitler announce he was reintroducing conscription and how big did he want the army
1936 and half a million
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What was the Anglo-German Naval Treaty
June 1935, allowed a navy of 35% of Britain's, allowed Germany to ignore naval restrictions in TofV
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German reoccupation of the Rhineland
March 1936 Hitler marched troops into Rhineland but they weren't prepared for war
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How did Britain and France react to the re-militarisation f the Rhineland
France wouldn't act alone and Britain didn't want to risk war
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When did Germany and Japan sign the Anti-Communist Pact
1936
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When were bombing raids on Spanish cities by Germany during the Spanish civil war
1937
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When did Italy sign the anti-communist pat
1937
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What was Hitler's foreign Policy?
Abolish the Treaty of Versailles, create lebensraum, anschluss, defeat communism
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What was Britain's foreign policy?
Deal with Ireland, re'establish the British empire, appeasement - gave in to Mussolini
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What was France's foreign policy?
Military agreements with Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia and Romania. French and Belgium troops occupied the Ruhr, defensive fortifications, appeasement
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Why did Germany and Austria want Anschluss
Austria was economically weak, Hitler felt they belonged together, Austrian people were mainly German, strong Nazi party in Austria, it would create a greater Germany
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What was the role of the Austrian Nazi Party
Stage demonstrations, cause riots and pressure people to vote for anschluss
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When was anschluss achieved
March 1938
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What was the result of the anschluss plebiscite
99.75% voted for it
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What useful resources did Austria have
gold and iron
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When did Hitler take over Czechoslovakia
23rd March 1939
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How did Chamberlain respond to the take over of Czechoslovakia
He promised Poland Britain would guarantee it's independance
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Why was Czechoslovakia difficult for Hitler to conquer
It was well defended and had a good army
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How many ethnic Germans lived in the Sudetenland (in Czechoslovakia)
3.5 million
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Which leaders attended the Munich Conference
Chamberlain, Hitler, Daladier and Mussolini
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Which countries didn't attend the Munich conference
The soviets and Czech
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What did Chamberlain believe he had achieved at the Munich Conference
"Peace for our time"
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Why was the Sudetenland valuable to Hitler
It had military fortifications and natural resources such as coal, timber and lignite
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Pact of steel 1939
After Mussolini occupied Albania and Hitler forced Lithuanians to hand over Memel Hitler and Mussolini agreed to stay, 'side by side' in future events
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When and what was the Nazi-Soviet Pact
August 1939 Hitler and Stalin agreed not to attack each other publicly and privately agreed to divide Poland between them
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Why did Hitler sign the Nazi Soviet Pact
He wanted Lebensraum (living space), he could invade without risking war with the Soviet Union, he wanted the Polish Corridor and Danzig back from the TofV
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Why did Stalin sign the Nazi Soviet Pact
He wanted to expand, he didn't think Britain and France would be reliable enough as allies against Hitler, it gave him time to strengthen his army before attacking Germany, Britain and France signed the Munich agreement without him
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When did Germany invade Poland
September 1939
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Why did Hitler invade Poland?
He wanted Danzig and the Polish corridor back
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How did Britain and France immediately react to the invasion
They delayed action and sent Hitler an ultimatum on the 3 September
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

How did the Treaty of Versailles punish Germany

Back

Had to accept blame, pay 6.6 billion in reparations, German Empire was taken away, Togoland and Cameroon went to Britain and France, they couldn't join the League

Card 3

Front

How was the German Army impacted by the Treaty of Versailles (GARGLE)

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What was taken away from Germany in the Treaty of Versailles that made them react angrily

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is the 'Stab in the Back' theory

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

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