Apoptosis and Necrosis

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what is the first stage of apoptosis
DNA cleaved by endonuclease in a ladder pattern.
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2nd stage
phosphatidyl serine flips to outside membrane. so it can be labelled annexin V. so can bind to phagocytes. binding stimulates release of anti-inflammatory cytotoxins.
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3rd stage
Apoptotic cells lose electrochemical gradient across cell membranes of inner membrane on mitochondria. Can be measured using +ve charged fluroescent dyes.
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What are capases
4 genes that are constantly expressed but but silenced. Capases target: =DNA cleavage =lamins(nuclear scaffold) =Gelsolin cleavage membrane blebbing. they bind with cyestine at active site and bind to aspartate sites.
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Intrinsic apoptosis
causes mitochondria membranes to leak cytochrome c and activate capases in cytoplasm. Due to DNA damage / cytotoxic drugs that have entered the cell.
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Glutamate synthesis
Nerve terminals/glial cells reuptake released glutamate. convert it to glutamine. which is then transported to nerve terminal and back to glutamate to be put into vesicles.
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Card 2

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2nd stage

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phosphatidyl serine flips to outside membrane. so it can be labelled annexin V. so can bind to phagocytes. binding stimulates release of anti-inflammatory cytotoxins.

Card 3

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3rd stage

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Card 4

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What are capases

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Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

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Intrinsic apoptosis

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