13th Amendment. Worked in theory. Gave foundation basis for Blacks.
1 of 40
1868
14th Amendment - every man is equal. Citizenship.
2 of 40
1866
Civil Rights Act
3 of 40
1867
Military Reconstruction Act - imposed Martial Law to uphold the 13th and 14th Amendments
4 of 40
15th Amendment
every man has voting rights - prompted an increase in Black civic societies and political organisations in the south
5 of 40
1865 Election
100,000 more blacks voted than whites did (leading to more thorough enforcement of Black Codes)
6 of 40
1871
KKK Act
7 of 40
1873
Slaughterhouse Case
8 of 40
IE: 1873
ECONOMIC DEPRESSION = 1. Waning interest in reconstruction, as Northerners care more about own hardship 2. Congress becomes tired of having to enforce Civil Rights
9 of 40
IE: 1874
Democrats become majority in congress over Radical Republicans (i.e. less sympathy for Civil Rights)
10 of 40
1875
Civil Rights Act
11 of 40
1876
United States v Cruikshank - The enforcement of the 14th A is only allowed at federal not state level (harder)
12 of 40
1883
The 1875 CRA
13 of 40
1896
Plessy vs Ferguson Separate but Equal ruling = synonymous with Jim Crow laws
14 of 40
1915
NAACP outlaws Grandfather Clause
15 of 40
1915
Reemergence of the KKK
16 of 40
1925
establishment of the first black Union - The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters by A. Phillip Randolph
17 of 40
1930s
Depression and New Deal.50% of blacks nationally unemployed, 2/3 of sharecroppers make no profit = blacks experience disease and starvation
18 of 40
Lynchings increase during this period to a peak of 28 in 1933
30% of Black families receive relief 1 million worked on federal housing projects Job creation schemes. However blacks encounter discrimination by the administrators of alphabet agencies
19 of 40
1941
FDR issues an Executive Order desegregating defense industries, as a result of A. Phillip Randolph threatening to March on Washington
20 of 40
1944
Smith vs Allwright outlawed all white Texas primaries - prompting increased voter registration
21 of 40
1946
Morgan v Virginia - desegregated interstate transport- prompted CORE's "Ride of Reconciliation"
22 of 40
1947
Truman issues an Executive Order - FEPC
23 of 40
1948
Truman issues an Executive Order desegregating the military
24 of 40
1947 Truman
"To secure these rights" proposed 1.anti-lynching law 2. desegregation of interstate transport 3. integration of military 4. abolition of poll tax 5. voter-registration protection Eisenhower 1953 (Repub) = appoints Earl Warren as Chief Justice (lib)
25 of 40
1954
Brown v Board of Education segregated education is unconstitutional - effectively overturning Plessy v Ferguson "Separate but Equal", this ruling led to:
26 of 40
1955
Lynching of Emmet Till
27 of 40
1956
Gale v Browder prompted by Rosa Parks - ended segregation on all Montgomery buses - prompted the MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT to test its ruling
28 of 40
1956
Montgomery Bus Boycott. the Montgomery Improvement Association headed by MLK boycotted Montgomery buses for a year, causing local businesses to loose thousands = De facto desegregation on Montgomery buses = The formation of the SCLC
29 of 40
1957
Little Rock 9 B students try to go to school in LR, barred by whites encouraged by racist Governor Faubus. Extreme violence and intimidation broadcast nationally led to Eisenhower sending troops = National outcry = led to Eisenhower's CR bill
30 of 40
1957
Civil Rights Bill (to ensure black voting rights, and also proposed new Justice division to monitor CR abuses) - however the Bill was severely weakened after being filibustered in congress
31 of 40
1960
Civil Rights Bill = similarly weakened. overall the 1957 and 1960 Civil Rights Bills added just 3% to black voting rolls = they were a gesture intended to please those whites/blacks outraged by Little Rock, and not wholly backed by Eisenhower
32 of 40
1960
Greensboro Sit-ins against the segregation of lunch counters: TV coverage of police brutality arresting respectable blacks protesting peacefully
33 of 40
GSITIN:
desegregated lunch counters,formed SNCC 3. MLKs participation in the Sit-in at Atlanta, and subsequent arrest, followed by JFKs letter of sympathy, swung black voting spectrum i.e. black votes no longer just given to Republicans = Democrats gain 7%
34 of 40
1961
Boynton v Virginia and Morgan v Virginia led to CORE "Freedom Rides" = 13 blacks and whites experience extreme violence riding a bus through Birmingham and Montgomery, before JFK has a highly publicised meeting with Krushchev
35 of 40
Results:
Results 1. International and national condemnation of Southern mobs and law enforcements 2. JFK sends federal troops to protect riders HOWEVER instead of ensuring the the Freedom Rides are successful
36 of 40
1963
MARCH ON WASHINGTON 250,000 marchers. Freedom Summer: attempt by the SNCC to register as many blacks as they could for voting. Over the course of the ten-week project: brutality and violence
37 of 40
1964
CIVIL RIGHTS ACT (prompted by SNCC "Freedom Summer") 1. eliminates segregation in all public places 2. Attorney General could file lawsuits to speed up segregation matters 3. FEPC becomes permanent
38 of 40
1965
Voting Rights Campaign in Selma, Alabama led by MLK where voter registration was 335/15,000. Sheriff Jim Clark roughly manhandled Amelia Boynton, and also local police killed Jimmy Lee Jackson .....leading to a march from SELMA to MONTGOMERY
39 of 40
1965 VOTING RIGHTS ACT
(prompted by a Voting Rights Campaign) 1.removed literacy tests 2. dispatched federal registrars to make sure black voters enrolled = 1969 - 66% of blacks enrolled in Mississippi, and 61% in Alabama
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