MB1 - Genes and Evolution Expand Cards
0.0 / 5
- Created by: Psych951
- Created on: 11-05-18 14:44
Genetic Influences
- Mendel
- Genotype vs Phenotype
- Chromosomes
- Genes
- Alleles
- Human genome project
1 of 16
Genetic Influences Expanded
- Mendel investigated inheritance
- Genotype = Specific genetic makeup of individual = Limits of development; Phenotype = Observable characteristics = expression of genotype and other observable traits = Interaction between genes and environment
- Chromosomes = Double-stranded tightly coiled molecules of DNA.
- Genes = Biological unit of heredity made up of nucleotides = phosphate, pentose sugar and nitrogenous base. – RNA used during transcription and translation, which produces protein.
- Allele = Alternative forms of same gene that produce different characteristics
- Human genome project = Map DNA of human
2 of 16
Behavioural Genetics
- Focus
- Degree of relatedness
- Degree of concordance
- Study methods
- Heritability coefficient
- Disposition
3 of 16
Behavioural Genetics Expanded
- Study of how heredity and environmental factors influence psychological characteristics (more biology than psychology)
- Degree of relatedness = How closely related/shared genes
- Degree of concordance = Shared characteristics/co-occurrence
- Ways of studying: Family studies; adoption studies; twin studies.
- Heritability coefficients: Estimate of extent to which variation in a phenotypic characteristic within a group is caused by genes e.g. intelligence has coefficient of .5-.7, e.g. Different types of personality traits have varying coefficients.
- Genes provide a direction for our behaviour
4 of 16
Environments
- Shared
- Unshared
- Twin studies
5 of 16
Environments Expanded
- Shared = Members in environment experience common features.
- Unshared = Unique experiences.
- Twin studies help estimate extent to which genes, shared and unshared effect group variance.
6 of 16
Gene-Environment Interactions
- Environment affecting genes
- Reaction range
- Genes affecting environment
- Genetic manipulation
- Genetic screening
7 of 16
Gene-Environment Influences Expanded
- Environment effects genes:
- Human gene-intervention
- Epigenetics
- Effects phenotypes.
- Reaction range = Range of possibilities for characteristics that our genes allow. – Environment determines where individuals fall within these boundaries.
- Genes effect environment:
- Parents’ genes influence environment they provide for you
- Effects the way others interact with you
- Influence self-selection of compatible environments.
- Genetic manipulation: Duplicate and modify structure of genes to alter functioning.
- Genetic screening: Consider benefits and drawbacks e.g. save lives but issue of accuracy – genetic counselling occurs to understand it all.
8 of 16
Evolution and Behaviour
- Biological predisposition
- Evolution
- Natural selection
- Mutations
- Evolutionary noise
- Adaptations
- Kin selection
- Reciprocal altruism
9 of 16
Evolution and Behaviour Expanded
- Biological predispositions = Many genes are shared with all other humans as products of evolution
- Evolution = Change over time in frequency of particular gene and characteristic produced (in an interbreeding population)
- Natural selection = Characteristics that increase survival and reproduction are more likely to be preserved and so becomes more common in species.
- Mutations = Random events in gene reproduction during division of cells – Drives evolution.
- Evolutionary noise = Traits that may not be relevant to survival all the time.
- Adaptations: Physical or behavioural changes that allow organisms to meet environmental demands
- Kin selection = Do things to help children survive and preserve genes.
- Reciprocal altruism = Reduce own fitness to survive to help another organism’s survival and reproduction, in hope they will later return the favour
10 of 16
Evolution and Human Nature
- Evolutionary psychology
- Inherited behavioural adaptations
- Fixed action pattern
11 of 16
Evolution and Human Nature Expanded
- Evolutionary Psychology: Human nature is the expression of inborn biological tendencies as a result of evolution. - Environment shapes personal and species adaptation.
- Inherited behavioural adaptations = Traits that organisms are born with that help survive and reproduce. – Cultural universal behaviour is evidence of this.
- Fixed action pattern: Unlearned behaviour automatically triggered by releasing stimulus
12 of 16
Evolution and Human Nature Applied
- Mating Preferences and Evolution
- Men and women's desires
- Sexual strategies theory
- Social structure theory
- Personality and Evolution
- Big 5
- Strategic pluralism
13 of 16
Evolution and Human Nature Applied Expanded
- Mating preferences and evolution:
- Men and women’s sexual desires don’t always match, presenting adaptive problems – Overall agreement on desirable traits
- Sexual strategies theory = Mating reflects inherited tendencies shaped over time that were responses to adaptive problems i.e. most successful survived so we search for that still
- Social structure theory = Argued biological and environmental factors interacted to produce mating strategies, and that these are learnt through social roles in society that are passed from parents through learning.
- Personality and evolution:
- Big 5 = extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness and openness. - Big five traits seem to be universal, and helped survival and reproduction.
- Strategic pluralism = Multiple, possibly contradicting, behavioural strategies may be adaptive in specific environments and so are all maintained - Explains individual levels of big five and variations in outcomes of big 5 = evolution produces typical patterns which are then affected by individual environment and genes.
14 of 16
Problems/Fallacies
- Circular reasoning
- Attributing all to natural selection
- Survival of strongest
- No plan
- Genetic determinism
15 of 16
Problems/Fallacies Expanded
- Circular reasoning = People think that because a trait is evident now it must have been caused by evolution
- Attributing every characteristic to natural selection – NS is actually random and mechanical.
- Survival of fittest, not survival of strongest
- Evolution is not an intentional plan – Just depends if organisms are suited to particular environment at particular time
- Genetic determinism = Genes do not produce unavoidable behaviours.
16 of 16
Related discussions on The Student Room
- Psychology Aggression 16 marker »
- Edexcel A Level Biology B Paper 2: 9BI0 02 - 17 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat] »
- Rods »
- GCSE English Language Speech Opinions »
- High scorers, how did you learn and revise? »
- Biology Paper 2 AQA Triple Higher 2023 »
- 5 note-taking methods all students should know »
- Pun Help Needed !! »
- My GCSE journey!! 🦞 »
- How do I get the most out of in-person lectures? »
Similar Psychology resources:
0.0 / 5
0.0 / 5
4.5 / 5 based on 2 ratings
0.0 / 5
0.0 / 5
0.0 / 5
Comments
No comments have yet been made