Power and the People - Part 2
Everything you need to know about Chapter 2 of Power and the People: Challenging royal authority
- Created by: alexandralester
- Created on: 29-05-18 17:03
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- 2. The Early Modern World
- 1. Context
- This period saw the execution of King Charles I
- England was without monarch for 11 years
- Establishment of Church of England by Henry VII
- Religion led to conflicts between monarchs
- Some, like Pilgrim Fathers, went to America
- Religion led to conflicts between monarchs
- Scientific discoveries were made, e.g. Isaac Newton.
- Industrial revolution took place by end of century and there were many explorers, e.g. COlumbus
- This period saw the execution of King Charles I
- 2. The Pilgrimage of Grace 1536
- What happened?
- Why did it fail?
- The Pilgrims outnumbered King's army, so should not have backed down
- Rebels were too easily convinced by King
- It began in Lincolnshire 1536
- They captured one commissioner and forced him to write list of grievances to the King, known as the Lincoln Articles
- Robert Aske helped spread this to Yorkshire, where army of 30,000 rebels marched
- They swore a 'Pilgrim's Oath' and marched under the banner of Five Wounds of Christ
- The rebels army of 50,000 vs King 8,000
- King promised to pardon all to buy time but went back on his word when they dispersed and he executed leaders
- Why did it fail?
- Why did this happen?
- Social causes
- Unrest among people in Lincolnshire
- The Statute of Uses imposed restraints on distribution of property
- People upset Catherine of Aragon divorced and Mary declared illegitimate
- Poor harvest in 1535 and 1536 raised food prices
- Economic causes
- They were worried about increased taxes
- Rebels complained about payment of the subsidy demanded of them
- There were rumours on taxes on births, marriages and deaths
- Political cuases
- Cromwell & other politicians thought to be leading King astray
- Anne Boleyn’s reputation for witchcraft undermined King’s authority.
- Religious causes
- Rumours that 1 of the King’s Commissions was coming to take church’s wealth
- Many in Lincolnshire in favour of trad. Catholic masses but Bishop was a reformer and wanted change
- Religious houses disbanded so poor people were penniless
- Yorkshire had similar grievances; wanted the ‘old ways’ of religion restored.
- A new Prayer Book was issued in 1535
- Social causes
- What impact did the pilgrimage have?
- Henry's position as absolute monarch enforced
- It was a total failure
- Made sure no one opposed the King; established him as ruthless
- Sped up changes they were opposed to; all monasteries were closed down
- What happened?
- 3. English Revolution and Civil War 1642-1645
- Execution of King Charles I and 3 civil wars known as English Revolution
- What were the causes of the civil war?
- Religion
- Charles wanted religious conformity
- Charles was thought to be Catholic or to favour them
- Puritans were more influential (sailed on Mayflower to America)
- Politics
- Charles I was a 'weak' and 'treacherous’ ruler
- As he believed in Divine Right of Kings, he did not consult with parliament (not good as he was weak)
- Succeeded ruling from 1629 to 1640 without calling Parliament, but in the end he was forced to call Parliament
- 'No taxation wihtout representation' became a popular slogan.
- Personalities
- John Hampden and John Pym led opposition against King and presented him with list of demands
- Abolished ship money and customs duty except when agreed by Parliament
- Transferred control of army from King to Parliament
- Made sure only Parliament (not the King) could dissolve Parliament
- Made it law that Parliament had to be called at least every 3 years
- Cromwell dominated the period, especially after 1945
- Radicals like John Lilburne etc. were jostling for attention
- John Hampden and John Pym led opposition against King and presented him with list of demands
- Religion
- What was the New Model Army?
- The first fully professional force (as opposed to militia-style)
- Officers, apart from Cromwell, were prohibited from being MPs
- They managed to capture Charles, and though a religious army, did not believe in Divine Right
- Many soldiers were veterans and often had strong religious views
- What is Political Radicalism and how was the NMA linked?
- Political Radicalism is the era that evolved due to Charles' bad relationship with Parliament, lasting 11 years until he went broke
- When Charles finally asked for help they were in no mood to give him what he wanted
- Parliament became more rebellious
- When Charles finally asked for help they were in no mood to give him what he wanted
- The Diggers were a radical group that emerged, that wanted to grow crops together to bring equality
- They were seen as a threat to the natural order of things
- The NMA is linked because many soldiers had strong ideas on how the country should be run
- There was a split between Parliament and Army radicals, as Parliament wanted to dissolve the army once war was over but some in the army disagreed
- Political Radicalism is the era that evolved due to Charles' bad relationship with Parliament, lasting 11 years until he went broke
- What were the impacts of the English Revolution?
- Short-term
- King Charles was put on trial and executed
- Monarchy temporarily abolished and commonwealth set up
- The NMA was set up
- Radical groups like The Diggers emerged (before being marginalised)
- Long-term
- Even when monarchy was restored, did not gain full power back and parliament ruled instead
- Short-term
- Oliver Cromwell
- After his death...
- Divisions between civilians and army - led to restoration of Charles II
- Those who had taken part in execution of Charles I put on trial for treason
- In 1688 William of Orange (a Protestant) became ruler through parliament
- Parliament ruled the country
- Established himself as ruler of England (dictator?) in 1653
- Imposed his Puritan religious beliefs
- banned xmas
- closed theatres
- stopped women from wearing makeup
- Became very unpopular and people have a divided opinion of him
- After his death...
- 4. The American Revolution 1776
- What happened?
- 1776 American colonists released the declaration of Independence
- Britain put up a fight and would have won except France joined the colonists
- 1781 Britain faced a defeat at the Battle of Yorktown and surrendered
- Why did it happen?
- Seven Years' War with France meant more British troops in colonies and increased taxes in order to pay for this
- Radicals strongly believed in representation (in parliament) if they were going to be taxed
- Thomas Paine release Common Sense arguing independence
- What impact did it have?
- Reaffirmed democratic ideas, freedom of individual and human rights
- Generated support for radicals
- It was a significant as it was 1st time a colony rejected rule by European country
- Who were the colonists?
- 50,000 were colonists
- More than half were indentured slaves
- Some were Pilgrims e.g. Catholics
- As a result, many had emotional ties to England, but still wanted to be independent
- From 1619, enslaved Africans - farmed rice and tobacco
- What happened?
- 1. Context
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