Girls and education- external factors

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  • Girls' achievement- External factors
    • The impact of feminism
      • The movement has challenged inequality- which has improved policy and opportunities
      • Changes are reflected in the media images and messages
        • McRobbie (1994)
          • Studied girls' magazines
            • Previously- emphasised getting married and not being left on the shelf
            • Now: images of independent women
        • Affects girls' self-image and ambitions in terms of their family and careers
    • Changes in women's' employment
      • Important changes
        • 1970 Equal Pay Act
          • Pay gap has halved to 15% since 1975
        • 1975 Sex Discrimination Act
        • Proportion of women in employment- 53% in 1971, 67% uin 2013
          • Women are breaking through the glass ceiling
        • Girls see their future in paid work, rather than as a housewife
          • Incentive to gain qualifications
    • Changes in the family
      • Changes include
        • Increase in divorce
          • Unwise to rely on a husband
        • Increase in cohabitation
        • Decrease in first marriages
        • Increase of lone-parent families
          • See women as breadwinner
            • See being a financially independent woman as her goal
    • Girls' changing ambitions
      • Sharpe interviews in 1970 and 1990
        • 1970- low aspirations, education is unfeminine, ambitious is unattractive, priority is husband and family
        • 1990- ambitious to support themselves, future as an independent woman
      • Girls now recognise that to be successful, they need a good education
        • Creators of their own future- believing in meritocracy

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