Geographical World Issues
- Created by: Andrew88012
- Created on: 12-03-23 16:57
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- Geographical world issues
- Migration
- Types of Migration
- National migration - movement from one place to another in one country
- International migration - moving out of a country's borders
- Emmigration - leaving one's own country
- Immigration - the act of going to live in a foreign country
- Economic migrant - travelling to improve their standard of living
- Refugee - someone forced to leave from their country
- Asylum seekers - someone seeking safety in another country
- Types of Factors leading to migration
- Push Factors - negative factors about the place you are currently living in (e.g. poor economy , a bad government and a lack of jobs)
- Pull factors - Positive factors about the place you are planning to move to (e.g. fertile land, rich economy , better medical services)
- Types of Migration
- Plastics
- Company ideas for using less plastics
- Adidas have started removing waste from the ocean and converted it into football strips(e.g. Real Madrid) which helps to protect the marine ecosystem but this method is carbon intensive and microplastic are unable to be collected.
- Tesla's cars run on electricity and not fossil fuels. This is good for the environment but it is expensive and energy intensive.
- In Norway used bottles are bought and are put into machines to recycle and get discounts on their next shop
- McDonalds have replaced their plastic straws for paper straws but this leads to more deforestation.
- Why has plastic consumption increased ?
- It is a versatile material
- It is a cheap material
- It is recyclable
- It is a strong material
- It is hygeinic
- It is light weight
- How do plastics get into the ocean?
- Factory waste
- Sewage pipes
- Cargo containers fall off ships
- Fishing industry(nets in the ocean)
- passer-bys littering
- How do plastics affect animals?
- Turtles can get caught in things such as beer packs and causes deformations
- birds eat the plastics making them feel full when they aren't leading to starvation
- Whales mistake the plastic bags for jellyfish and eat them leading to internal cloggage and strangulation etc..
- Company ideas for using less plastics
- Sustainable Transport methods
- Active traffic management in the UK
- To tackle heavy flows of traffic on motorways, signs on the motorway alert drivers to changing conditions.
- Signs can slow down the speed of traffic,warn drivers about lane closures and accidents and open the hard shoulderto increase capacity.
- This allows drivers to make choices about different routes if needed.
- Dynamic traffic forecasting in Barcelona, Spain
- This allows them to increase or decrease the frequency of green lights according to traffic conditions toregulate traffic in the city.
- Traffic cameras in the city connect to the transport authority control centre providing them with real time traffic data.
- Public Light bus in Hongkong
- This issue tackles the problem of illegal transport in large cities.
- Buses have around 16 seats, are faster, more efficient and more frequent.
- Mini-buses work alongside standard buses in Hong Kong but allow passengers to travel to hard to reach areas more efficiently.
- The public cycling system in Hanghzhou , China
- You can pay via. Smart card or Cash
- 3,000 stations allowing you to pick up and drop off bikes.
- Popular and cheap activity for tourists
- 67,000 bikes available for rent
- Electric road pricing in Stockholm Sweden
- Between 06.30-18.30, motorists are charged for entering the city centre.
- These charges don’t apply to buses, taxis, eco-fuel cars or emergencyvehicles.
- During the first 2 years, traffic volumes fell by 25% and removed around 1 million cars per day.
- The tolls also made around $300,000 per day, this money has been invested in improving other transport services e.g. trains.
- Active traffic management in the UK
- Canadian Tar Sands
- Location
- Canada
- Alberta
- East or North East
- Near the Mackenzie River
- Known as the Athabasca Tar Sands
- Extraction of Oil (Tar) Sands techniques
- In situ
- Extra
- In situ takes place below 75 metres under the surface.
- 80% is under the 75 metre mark
- Process
- Majority of In Situ operations , drill vertically and then sideways horizontal wells.
- Steam is pumped down the pipes liquifying the Bitumen, seperating it from the sands
- It is then pumped back up to the surface, which is then stored in tanks
- This is called "Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage" or SAGD
- Extra
- Open Pit Mining
- Process
- Firstly huge clumps of oil sands are shovelled up into trucks
- They are then taken to the crushers to be broken down and mixed with the heated water to seperate the bitumen from the sand.
- Once the bitumen is seperated it is sent for processing into things like diesel
- Extra
- Bitumen within 75 metres of the surface is open pit mined
- Around 20% is found above 75 metres
- Process
- In situ
- Benefits
- Job opportunities
- Oils are used alot in the manufacturing process
- Locals can afford basic neccesities
- Oil is in high demand and has a high value
- Problems
- Tailing ponds are made which contain toxic water
- Cancers & dynamites form in fish as the toxic water mixes with the river
- Birds may enter the ponds causing them to get poisione
- Tar sands cause 20% more pollution than conventional US oil
- Indiginous people still live near there , meaning that they face threats to their health
- To turn bitumen into oil you need huge amounts of energy and also uses a lot of chemical processes
- To turn bitumen into oil , you need water & the clear cutting of trees , three barrels of water are needed to produce one barrel of synthetic crude oil(tar) sands.
- Toxic waters enter tailing ponds that enters into water sources which will mean that there is higher cancer in the local people.
- There are currently over 1 trillion litres of tailing pond water in the ponds
- People downstream have a higher rate of cancer
- Location
- Migration
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