Geography Theme 3 Development 4 - 6 - Mindmap in GCSE Geography

Created by: Bethan3
Created on: 21-04-16 07:46

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Can be...
- Measured Economically (GDP)
  - GDP
  - Gross National Income or GNI
    - STEP 1 Add total value of good and services
      - STEP 2 Divide by population
    - Brandt Line - development gap
      - MEDC
        High Income
      - Less Economically Developed Country - LEDC
- social improvements
  - Health
    - Sub Saharan Africa
      - Highest infant mortality
        improved health
        mosquitoes net
        can entirely preventable
        
        Insecticide treated bed nets
        50% 2007
        8% 1997
        
        positive
        £3
        
        Nothing but Nets - Charity
        
        Ministry for Health distribute
        
        50% 2007
        8% 1997
        
        Negative
        resistance of mosquitoes to insecticide
        
        New drugs needed
        
        poor people most impact
        Cycle of poverty and malaria
        Children
        
        Malaria
        No job
        Cycle of poverty and malaria
        Children
        
        Malaria
        No job
        
        Pregnant women
        
        Poor immune systems - elderly
      - endemic mean constantly around
        90%of deaths in africa
        lake Malawi
        ideal breeding mosquitoes
        
        highland areas - cooler and dryer
        
        greater rural deaths
        limited health care
        
        poor buildings homes
        
        limited access to Malaria Drugs
        
        Longer travelling
        
        seasonal
      - 90%of deaths in africa
        lake Malawi
        ideal breeding mosquitoes
        
        highland areas - cooler and dryer
        
        greater rural deaths
        limited health care
        
        poor buildings homes
        
        limited access to Malaria Drugs
        
        Longer travelling
        
        seasonal
  - education
    - Girls expected to help family - Subsistence
      - Collect water
      - Collect firewood
    - Poor not afford school
    - Improvements?
      - Raise status
      - Improve chances
      - reduce family size - fertility rate
        India
        trend - female Literacy / Fertility
  - Wealth
- Development
  - Targets
    - Millennium Develop Goals 2000 - 2015
      - Sustainable DevelopmentGoals 2015 - 2030
      - MDG
  - Is the development gap closing?
    - 1960 - 2007
      - Life expectancy
        increased
        
        decreased
        AIDS
        Zimbabwe 55 - 33
      - MEDC
        obese
        NHS Cost £5 billion
        
        social effects on society
  - Development is....
    - reduced
      - gap richest to poorest
      - poverty
    - ensuring
      - education
    - increased
      - freedom speech
      - wealth
    - clean water
  - safety
    - conflict
    - terrorism
basic needs met
- food
- Development
  - Targets
    - Millennium Develop Goals 2000 - 2015
      - Sustainable DevelopmentGoals 2015 - 2030
      - MDG
  - Is the development gap closing?
    - 1960 - 2007
      - Life expectancy
        increased
        
        decreased
        AIDS
        Zimbabwe 55 - 33
      - MEDC
        obese
        NHS Cost £5 billion
        
        social effects on society
  - Development is....
    - reduced
      - gap richest to poorest
      - poverty
    - ensuring
      - education
    - increased
      - freedom speech
      - wealth
    - clean water
  - safety
    - conflict
    - terrorism
- shelter
- Water
  - PART 2 DEVELOP MENT AND WATER
    - 4% water fresh water
    - surface stores
      - Lakes
      - Reservoirs
        Water Supply
      - 47000 large Dams
      - Water harvesting
    - DEVELOP MENT ISSUE MDG
      - Water use varies
        MEDC 1304 litres per day
        Expensive
        LEDC 22 Litres per day
        Rural
        Carry water large distances
        Heavy
        
        Time consuming
        
        Water Transfer
        
        Non Essential Swimming pools
        
        LEDC 22 Litres per day
        Rural
        Carry water large distances
        Heavy
        
        Time consuming
      - Halve no access to water
  - Sanitation - safe disposal of waste water
    - 10% all disease
    - Diarrhoea 17% deaths U5
      - Poor Diet
      - INTESTINAL WORMS
Asia 48 - 64
Mali $350
$1 per day
married later in life
- provide better education for offspring
  - reduce family size - fertility rate
    - India
      - trend - female Literacy / Fertility
mosquitoes net
- can entirely preventable
- Insecticide treated bed nets
  - positive
    - £3
    - Nothing but Nets - Charity
    - Ministry for Health distribute
  - Negative
    - resistance of mosquitoes to insecticide
    - New drugs needed
    - poor people most impact
      - Pregnant women
      - Poor immune systems - elderly
Geology
- groundwater stores - water in rocks
  - water trapped in fractures / spaces
    - recharge - water entering the rock
    - Discharge - water moving out
- PART 2 DEVELOP MENT AND WATER
  - 4% water fresh water
  - surface stores
    - Lakes
    - Reservoirs
      - Water Supply
    - 47000 large Dams
    - Water harvesting
  - DEVELOP MENT ISSUE MDG
    - Water use varies
      - MEDC 1304 litres per day
        Expensive
        Water Transfer
        
        Non Essential Swimming pools
    - Halve no access to water
Informal Settlements
- forced to buy
  - Up to 50 x as expensive as Europeans
Climate
SOUTH AFRICA
- LESOTHO - Highlands Water Project (LHWP)
  - Advantages
- Improving Water supplies
  - URBAN
    - Johannesburg
      - Soweto
        IVORY PARK
      - Water infrastructure
        50 - 60 percent leaked
        
        positive
        repair jobs
        improved services
        
        negative
        Rusty pipes
        
        Limited water at night
      - LHWP
      - Improve QOL
        Replace all INFORMAL HOUSING
        
        tarring roads - 232 km
        
        16427 street lights added
        SO make it safer
        
        31 million Rand on Parks
        SO families can enjoy safe leisure time
  - Rural areal
    - remote
    - isolated
      - Too poor for Bore Hole ABSTRACTION
    - Large population
      - Rely on RAINWATER HARVESTING
        sustainable water Management
        NO negative impacts on drainage basin
        
        affordable
        
        communities
        easy to maintain with skills locals
        
        Households
        easy to maintain with skills locals
        
        FOG Harvesting
        LIMPOPO
        Negatives
        Not foggy every day
        repairs essential
        foggiest sites far from rural communities
        
        Positive
        repair little training
        Groundwater contaminated
        
        No electric required
        
        cheap small scale
GeographicalPatterns of rainfall Not match Population Density
- UK High Population
  - Low Rainfall
- UK Highest Rainfall
  - Low Population
- Supply Issues
- SOUTH AFRICA
  - LESOTHO - Highlands Water Project (LHWP)
    - Advantages
  - Improving Water supplies
    - URBAN
      - Johannesburg
        Soweto
        IVORY PARK
        
        Water infrastructure
        50 - 60 percent leaked
        
        positive
        repair jobs
        improved services
        
        negative
        Rusty pipes
        
        Limited water at night
        
        LHWP
        
        Improve QOL
        Replace all INFORMAL HOUSING
        
        tarring roads - 232 km
        
        16427 street lights added
        SO make it safer
        
        31 million Rand on Parks
        SO families can enjoy safe leisure time
    - Rural areal
      - remote
      - isolated
        Too poor for Bore Hole ABSTRACTION
      - Large population
        Rely on RAINWATER HARVESTING
        sustainable water Management
        NO negative impacts on drainage basin
        
        affordable
        
        communities
        
        Households
        
        FOG Harvesting
        LIMPOPO
        Negatives
        Not foggy every day
        repairs essential
        foggiest sites far from rural communities
        
        Positive
        repair little training
        Groundwater contaminated
        
        No electric required
        
        cheap small scale
- Seasonal Rainfall
539 large dams
- Many still NO access to water
practical
use contours to catch RUN OFF
Infrastructure cheap (nets and poles)
TRANS NATIONAL BOUNDARY ISSUE
Six Countries
- China
- Laos
- Vietnam
- Thailand
- Myanmar (Burma)
- CASE STUDY : MEKONG RIVER
  - South China Sea
- Cambodia
  - Fisherman
    - 2 million tonnes per year
      - Relies heavily on wild protein
    - Unhappy
      - smaller
      - few fish each year
    - DAMS
      - ANSWER OR PROBLEM
        NEGATIVES
        MANWAN DAM (CHINA)
        displace 25000 people
        Large lake behind DAM
        
        displace 25000 people
        Large lake behind DAM
        
        Stop migration of fish
        fish cannot spread to lakes on floodplain
        
        Lower River Basin
        Income fisherman reduced
        water levels dropped
      - POSITIVES
        Jobs - MULTIPLIER EFFECT
        
        reduce flooding downstream
  - seasonal rainfall
    - SO drought food shortages
    - SUMMER
    - Heavy rain - MONSOON
      - flooding
        Positives
        
        Negatives
fertile soils for crops
- SILT
- FLOOD PLAIN
  - 80% off rice production depends on floods
    - DAMS Stop flooding
Cheap Hydro electric power

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Geography Theme 3 Development 4 - 6

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