History Medicine Through Time Ancient World

Created by: laurenmolyneaux
Created on: 22-03-16 17:09

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Ancient World 20,000BC - 467AD
- Prehistoric 20,000BC - 3000BC
  - Natural causes
    - Herbal remedies from women family members
    - Fevers and pains - steam sweat lodges, herb tea
    - Accidents
    - Hunting and war wounds
    - Cuts and wounds - plants
    - Some cures contained chemicals - antiseptics, anaesthetics
  - Supernatural causes
    - Gods
    - Spirits
    - Witches
    - Enemies
    - CURES
      - Medicine Man
      - Charms
      - Prayers, chants
      - Trephining
      - Herbal remedies
  - Hunter Gatherers
    - Always on move - avoided diseases
      - Severe bleeding
      - Cuts - covered in mud, bound with bark strips
    - No polluted water supplies
      - Caught anthrax, rabies - animal skins, bites
    - No human poo - it attracted diseases
    - Trephining
      - Infection - cuts from attacks
    - Charms
  - Farmers
    - Set broken bones
    - Polluted water - animals
    - Medicine Man
      - Charms and prayers to God
    - Painful joints and bones
    - Trephining
    - Evil spirits belief
    - Herbs and honey - cured sore throats
- Egypt 3000BC - 1000BC
  - Egyptians were literate so they were able to write down a proper examination, diagnosis and treatment.
  - INFLUENCIAL FACTORS
    - River Nile
      - Flooded every year
      - Nile getting blocked idea - nerves got blocked as well, idea of cause of illness
        Led to treatments like bloodletting and laxatives - clear blockage.
    - Trade
      - Herbs from other countries
      - Allowed healers to use wide variety of herbal remedies
    - Communication
      - Hyrogliphics
        Preserved written documents for later generationsdoctors
      - Alexandra medical library - learn about medicine
      - Developed writing
    - Government
      - Laws and taxes
      - Strong govs - invested money and develop medical theories
    - Religion
      - Afterlife belief
        Organs removed
        Priests practiced cleanliness
        Mixed medicines
      - Mummification
        Helped doctors learn about parts of body
        Bodies preserved
        Made sacrifices
    - Technology
      - New metals - sharper medical instruments
  - CHANGES IN MEDICINE
    - Specialist Doctors
      - Doctors and Priests
      - Trained by studying medical papyri recording cases and treatments
        Pharaohs made them rich, improved medical knowledge,bought surgical instruments
    - Cause of illness ideas
      - Gods and evil spirits
        Doctors though people were like crops - they needed food, water and air to survive
      - River Nile theory
    - Treatments
      - Doctors unblocked channels by...
        Bloodletting
        
        Vomitting
        
        Emptying bowels
    - P.H.
      - Egyptians washed twice a day - religion
        Rich people had servants bathe them
      - Eye diseases prevented by a chemical in eye make up.
    - Knowledge of body
      - Doctors knew about...
        Heart
        
        Lungs
        
        Liver
        
        Brain
        
        Veins
        
        Arteries
        
        Muscles
        
        Many bones
      - Belief that all body is needed in after life - religion
      - Knowledge gained from examining wounded soldiers or workers injured
      - Knowledge gained from embalming
        Process of removing and preserving body's organs after death
      - Historians aren't sure whether embalming helped improve bc it was unclean
    - Surgery
      - Trephining
      - Cutting out swellings
      - Sewing up wounds
  - Egypt was wealthy - they could employed doctors, afford good medicine tools
- Greeks 1000BC - 50AD
  - ASCLEPIONS
    - An asclepion - a temple dedicated to Greek god of healing, Asclepius
    - People thought they were healed in an asclepion by...
      - Asclepius
      - His daughters - Panacea and Hygeia
      - Asclepius' snake
    - People believed they were healed through the night, the Gods would treat them when asleep
    - Asclepias contained...
      - Baths
      - A gymnasium
      - Athletic stadium
      - Temples to prayer
    - How they helped
      - People competed in sports or watch in fresh air if too ill to take part
      - Keep fit in a gym
        Patients fed a balanced diet
      - Asclepius built in mountains - fresh clean air, healthier breathing
      - Exercise in baths and this would clean them
    - Sometimes people got well
      - They believed they would
      - Maybe they would anyway
      - Natural remedies sometimes worked
  - FOUR HUMOURS
    - Created by Hippocrates
    - The Four Humours were...
      - Black Bile
      - Blood
      - Yellow Bile
      - Phlegm
      - If any of the humours became unbalanced the person would become ill
    - Basis for most Greek treatments
      - Therefore, it's important in history of medicine
        Even though it was wrong
    - Theory believed for over 1000 years
    - First natural explanation for illness
  - HIPPOCRATES
    - Hippocratic Oath
      - Created by Hippocrates
      - Showed doctors weren't magicians
      - High standards of treatment and behaviour at work
      - Work for benefits of patients, not to be wealthy
      - Not allowed to tell anyone what is wrong with patients
    - Hippocratic Collection of Books
      - Over 60 books written by himself and other doctors
      - First detailed list of symptoms and treatments
    - Observing and Recording
      - Important to observe and record carefully the symptoms and development of diseases
        Two advantages
        Doctors more likely to choose right cure
        
        Notes could be used for future patients
  - Disease and Infection
    - Treated illness by writing detailed notes on symptoms
    - Bloodletting (balancing humours)
      - Advised people on fitness and diet
  - SURGERY AND ANATOMY
    - Could set broken bones and amputate limbs
      - City of Alexandria
        Uni and a library containing written medical knowledge
        
        Human dissection legal for a time
        
        350BC - Herophilius discovered brain controlled body, not heart
        
        Erasistratus discovered -
        Heart pumps blood around body
        Brain sends messages to body through nerves
    - Learned how to drain lungs for people with pneumonia
    - Very few operations done inside body
    - More interested in cause of illness and 4 humours than surgery
  - P.H.
    - Gov weren't interested in improving
      - Gov left people to keep clean and prevent illnesses by themselves
- ROMANS 27BC - 467AD
  - GALEN
    - Believed in four humours
      - Developed theory of opposites
        Encouraged dissection
    - Made notes of symptoms
    - Took people's pulse
      - Believed body was created by one God
        Supported by Christians - no questioning
    - Discovered the brain controls speech
      - Proved that veins AND arteries carry blood
        People thought he had all the answers - no one questioned his ideas
    - Wrote many books
    - Gave advice on diet and exercise
    - Performed bloodletting
  - P.H.
    - Roman Army
      - Important to P.H. system - they were responsible to keep empire fed and prosperous
        Romans avoided building towns and forts in marshland and places with polluted water
    - Fresh water, aqueducts, reservoirs
      - S - Aqueducts carried fresh waterman miles to towns
      - S - Reservoirs held water supply and distributed it to piping system
    - Water pipes
      - S - Made of (metal) lead - no dirt or derby could get inside
      - S - Good invention
      - W - Lead poisoning, Romans didn't know this was happening
    - Forts
      - S - Contained bath - houses, water supply, latrines
      - S - Many had hospitals for soldiers
    - Public latrines
      - S- Often flushed by water, then drained into sewers
      - S - Often seated 20 people
    - Private homes
      - S - Priv homes of rich supplied with water
      - W - Water had to be carried upstairs by slaves
      - Droughts - supply of water to houses were cut off
    - Bath houses
      - S - Kept people clean and healthy
      - W - 5000 people used baths each week, water only changed once a week
    - Sewers
      - S - Carried waste away from houses, latrines and baths
      - W - Sometimes spread disease
How they helped
- People competed in sports or watch in fresh air if too ill to take part
- Keep fit in a gym
  - Patients fed a balanced diet
- Asclepius built in mountains - fresh clean air, healthier breathing
- Exercise in baths and this would clean them

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History Medicine Through Time Ancient World

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