Travel and tourism

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  • Created by: KJ167
  • Created on: 23-11-22 09:42
Types of travel and tourism
individuals and couples
families with a range of ages
groups, educational, senior citens and special interest
corporate travellers
customers with specific requirements
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Leisure Travel
traveling for pleasure, enjoyment and relaxation
shot breaks
holidays
special events
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Corporate travel
type of travel is concerned with work or a job
meetings
conferances
training
short tearm work contracts
incentive travel
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Specialist travel
this type of travell is linked with a purpose
adventure
health
education
culture
health
gap year
hobbies sport
weddings
honeymoon
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VFR (vistitng friends and family)
possibly domestic, inbound or outbound
involves overnight stay
may involve traveling to another country
for lesiurer or business purposes
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Day trips
visits that dont involve an overnight stay
visitor attractions
cities for specialised shopping or events
countryside for relaxation or activities
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Types of travel and tourism cusomers
individuals and couples
families with a range of ages
groups, educational, senior citens and special interest
corporate travellers
customers with specific requirements
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Individuals and couples
individual- someone who is not ibnvolved in a large group
require a single room
enjoy their own company or join other travellers
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Famililes
different shapes and sizesand that can have an effect on what they do for holiday
they require family friendly entertainment
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Groups
groups can include educational groups such as school groups, special intrest groups and friendship groups
a groups is made up of many individuals with different needs
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Corpoate travellers
they are profitable
ofeten travelling at peak times and require convniance and comfort
expenses are normally covered by the customers company
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Customers with specific requirements
different languages and cultures
mobility problems
hearing imparements
visual impaiment
medical condition
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UNWTO
United nations world tourism organisation
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Tourist numbers
the numbers of inbound tourists in the uk, compared to other countries gives a good indication of how imprtant the UK is as a global destination
the UNWTO produces international tourist statistics
the publish tourism highlighs an annual summary
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Tourist generators
countries that produce outbound tourists are known as tourist genorators
knowing this information helps businesses and organisatios provide facilities these tourists want and advertise products and servises to them
the international passenger survey carri
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Economic importance
the economic improtance of the UK's travel and tourism industrusty within the global industry is calculated byanalysing how much tourists actually spend in each country
the UK was 7th in the world for tourist arrivals
the UK wans 5th for tourism receipts
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Gross domestic product (GDP)
the value of all goods and services produced by a country within a given period of time
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GDP
tourism contributes to the GDP of a country because visitors spend money on goodss and servises and also on transport to reach their destination in the first place
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Balance of payments
a measure of the economic transactions between the UK and the rest of the world, showing the difference between exports and imports.
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Balance of payments
in tearms of the balance of payments, the UK accounts for 3.6% of international tourism receipts which is a large contribution to the global economy
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Social and lifestyle factors
travel and tourism businesses need to understand the lifestyles of their customers to know their market. useful demographic data includes age, gender, income and employment
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Rise of the Grey market
the baby boomers ( born between 1946-1964) they are an important market as they have higher disposable income then previous genorations and have more tim on their hands as most of them are retired
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Millennials/ Generation Y
They are people who are born between 1980- 1999, they genera;lly want to try new experiances, go on adventures and experiance new cultures.
they are more likely to research their own trips and book them online
education has also been a major social facto
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Changing family structure
acccording to the office for national statistics there are nearly 2 million single parents with dependant children in the UK
holiday companies have started offering specialist products and services for single parents
more families are multi generational
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Changes in working patterns
2003 the Flexible Working Regulaion came into force in the UK
employees who are looking after young or disabled children have the right to request flexable working requirements.
2007 this was exteanded to people working with other dependants
flexitime all
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Holliday alowance pay
the current legal entitlement to holiday in uk is 5.6 weeks for employees working 5 days a week.
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Current fashions and treands
popular long haul locations include Thailand, Kenya and Cuba
treands in destinations have moved bacjk towards back towards traditional western Mediterranean resorts such as Spain
other trend including the use of smart technology such as an Apple watch
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Responses to scoial and lifestyle factors
businesses need to know the demographics of the travel market and plan ahead for changes in the population eg they should monitor products which are in decline and which are growing in popularity
businesses could introduce products and services that meet
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Responses to scoial and lifestyle factors
research can also affect business operations
relaxations vacaytions are becomeing a key product
holidays are marketed to meet the needs of multi-generational families who are taking a trip together
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Transport princaples- role (road)
to provid customers with transport between destinationd in a safe and effcient manner
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Componants-road
busses
coacheses
hire cars
private car
taxi
rail
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Positives and negatives - road
expensive
different operators
variety of routes
laanguage barriers
rail travel can be made cheaper by useing rail cards
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Transport principles- componants (air)
the civil aviation authority defines short, medium and long haul flights as
short haul- under 1500km
medium haul- between 1500km - 3500km
long haul- over 3500km
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Transport principles- componants (air)
scheduled airlines run to a regular timetable that is only changed in the winter and the summer
charter airlines owns and operaterates an aircraft that are rented by other organisations such as tour operators and run on a time table set by the operator.
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Transport principles- componants (air)
low cost airlines (no frills)
they are schedualed airlines and do not offer different types of services on their flights
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Transport principles- products and services ( air)
economy- includes baggage allowance
premium economy- baggage alowance and widerseats, leg room, a cusion and a blanket
business- wider seats which converts into a flat bed, departure lounges and priority boarding
first class- personal suite with a seat th
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Transport hubs and gateways
transport hubs and gateways are the place where transport princeaples start and finish including airports, rail and coach stations, ferry terminals and ports used by cruise ships
all hubs need to priovide safe access to the differnt forms of transport
th
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Airports
they are the gateway for inbound and outbound tourisim and have an important role to play in leisure and business travel
the range in facilities is huge including a check in dask, lots of eatin and drinking establishments, lounge facilities and shops and
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Rail and coach stations
rail and coach station act as gateways to the rest of the UK and in some cases to Europe
larger rail and coach stations provide services similar to that of airport whereas smallerones provide toilets and shelter for waiting passengers
the UK's busyest sta
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Ferry terminals and cruise ship ports
ferries and cruise shi[s often operate out of different ports, some ports service both
the port of Dover is Europes busiest ferry port
cruise ship passengers depart and arrive at seperate ports from ferry passengers
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Transport principles- role ( sea)
ferry operators- provide safe transport for customers
cruises are journeys taken by ship for pleasure and relaxation.
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Transport principles- componets (sea)
Ferries
sea transport is highly importantin the UK as it is made up of a number of little islands such as the Isle of Wight and the Channel Island but also France, Ireland,Spain, The Neatherlands and Belgium.
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Transport principles- componets (sea)
cruises
Cunard operates 3 ships with a traditional elegant themes
P&O operates 8 ships based in Southampton and has a few theamed cruises
Saga operates 4 ships for over 50s only
Royal Caribbean operates 26 ships and has an abundance of onboard entertainme
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Transport principles- componets (sea)
some passengers take a fly cruise which is when people fly to the deporting port in another country and start theuir cruise from there

river cruises are becoming increasingly popular, the river Nile is a popular trip
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Travel agents
businesses that arrange the details of a holiday on behalf of the customer
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Travel agents
they specialize in leisure travel, different types of travel agents
multiple
miniple
indepenets
franchise
call center
online
business
specialist
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Multiple
chains of more then 100 branhes on the highstreets in towns and cities
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Miniple
small chains located in one region where they are well known with a good reputation.
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Independant
often owned by a family or partnership and are more likely to be found in smaller towns
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Franchise
a franchise business gives someone the right tosell their branded products and services in return a fee or a percentage of profits
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Call center
many operators and airlines also operate call centers
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Online
some travel agents only operate online , they sell packages,filghts, accomadation and additional products
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Business
business travel agents specialise incorporate travel and often handel the arrangements for large companies
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Specialist
these travel agents are often independants businesses and offer products and services either in one destination or in one type of product
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The role of travel agents
to give advice and information and sell package holiday holidays for a number of tour operators, they act as a middle man between the cusomer and the tour operator
they work for commision from the tour operators
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Tour operators
tour operators are a business that puts together all the different componants that make up a holiday and then sell them as complete packages to the customer
they make contracts with hoteliers, airlines and other transportcompanies to put the packages toge
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Package holidays
a new package holiday directive was introduced in 2018 which include several definitions for package holidays, protecting customers from potential legal disapointment
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Mass-market tour operators
the aim of mass-market tour operators is to sell large numbers of holidays and make a small amount of profit on each sale
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Tailor-made and dynamic packages
customers build their own holiday by selecting the different componants seperatly
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Special interest tour operators
they specialise in pakage holidays to particular destinations or for particular holidays
they operates within niche markets
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Employment in travel and tourism
direct employment- is at any job at any level in a travel and tourism business or organisation such as an airline or hotel
indirect employment- is any job in an industry that supports the travel and tourism industry suc as in idustries such as hospitality
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Types of roles
customer-facing:working directly face to face, over the telephone and over the internet
support or administation: enable business or organisation to function and compleate its aims
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Types of roles
Graduate programmes or trainees: people in these roles are recruited for and trained in a particular specialism
managerial and supervisory- manage or supervise the work of other employees
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Entering a career in travel and tourism
internships
appernticeships
management trainee schemes
starting at a low level and working up
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Direct employment roles
transport principles
transport hubs and gateways
tour operators
travel agents
visitor attractios
acco,odation
trade associations
rglatory bodies
information and promotional service
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Transport principles employment
air crew
cruise ship
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Transport hubs and gateways
check in
customer service
baggage handling
security
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Tour operators
that puts together all the different components that make up a holiday and then sells them as complete packages to the customer.
contracts with hoteliers, airlines, and other transport companies to put the package together
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Package holiday
A new Package Holiday Directive was introduced in 2018 which includes several definitions for package holidays, protecting customers from potential legal disappointment.
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mass market tour operators
The aim of mass-market tour operators is to sell large numbers of holiday and make a small amount of profit on each sale.
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Tailor-made and dynamic packages
customers build their own holiday by selecting the different components separately.
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Special interest tour operators
Special interest tour operators specialise in selling package holidays to particular destinations or for particular holidays, such as safaris.
They operate within ‘niche markets’: a small specialist market (unlike mass-markets)
Sometimes they just focus
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Direct employment
is at any job at any level in a travel and tourism business or organisation such as an airline or hotel.
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Indirect employment
is any job in an industry that supports the travel and tourism industry, such as in industries like hospitality and retailing.
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customer facing role
any role or job function that involves direct interactions with customers
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support or administration
Most of these duties revolve around supervising and distributing information within an organization. This typically includes taking memos, answering phone calls, and managing, storing, and organizing files. They are also responsible for receiving and send
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graduate progams and trainees
A graduate programme (also known as a 'graduate scheme' or, occasionally, 'trainee programme') is a fixed-term entry-level position offered by companies to university or college graduates (typically those who have graduated in the last few years).
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managerial or supervisory
Managers are involved in decision-making. They oversee the success of a team or entire company. Unlike managers, supervisors focus more on the administration and execution of tasks
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How can you enter a career in travel and tourism?
Internships (a short period of experience with some pay and expenses)
Apprenticeships (combining further training with work)
Management trainee schemes (usually for graduates but sometimes for students who have completed a BTEC National)
Starting at a
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Direct employment roles.
Transport principles
Transport hubs and gateways
Tour operators
Travel agents
Visitor attractions
Accomodation
Trade associations and regulatory bodies
Information and promotional services
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Transport principles
Air crew: pilots, cabin crew, flight attendants, maintenance crew
Cruise ships: beauticians, doctors, chefs, fitness intstructors, port presenters, excursion organisers, receptionists, captain.
Transport hubs and gateways:
Check-in, customer service, ba
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Tour operators
Reservations and sales, marketing, customer relations, pre-depature, in-resort, operations
Travel agents: customer facing roles
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Visitor attractions:
Marketing, human resource, accounting, customer-facing roles, (depends on the attractions, a theme park will need a support team of engineers to design, built and maintain the rides, whereas a stately home requires customer-facing guides, detailed knowled
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Accommodation:
Receptionist, reservations, housekeeping, managing events, business activities, catering, wedding planner.
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Trade associations and regulatory bodies:
Office-based administration roles, specialist knowledge: if you work at the CAA, you might become an expert in aviation security
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Information and promotional services:
Tourist information centre, marketing agencies, national tourist boards, office-based and customer-facing roles.
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Indirect employment:
Travel journalism – writing for a newspaper, magazine or blog
Insurance – selling products used by tourism businesses, such as third-party liability insurance or buildings insurance
Retailing – selling souvenirs in local shops
Manufacturing – producing
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Indirect employment:
IT support – maintaining IT systems or websites used by travel and tourism
Publishing – researching, producing and printing promotional materials
Engineering maintenance – maintaining vehicles such as trains, aircraft and ferries.
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SOLE TRADER
A sole trader is a business that is run by one self-employed individual.
They do not have limited liability, which means if their company goes bankrupt they are liable to pay its debts themselves.
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PRIVATE LIMITED COMPANY
A private limited company is owned by shareholders who own shares that can only be bought and sold with the permission of the company’s board of directors. If the company goes bankrupt, each shareholder’s liability to pay the company’s debts is limited to
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PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY
A public limited company (PLC) is also owned by its shareholders. However, PLC’s are listed on the stock exchange so their shares can be bought and sold publicly by members of the public. Shareholders are also paid a dividend each year that the business m
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Aims of a private business
To make profit by increasing the market share
Increasing turnover by increasing prices
Selling more products or services,
Diversify by offering new products or services,
Improve the public image of the business
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PUBLIC ORGANISATIONS
Public sector organisations are owned and funded by the government.
Where does this money come from?
Central government through the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS)
Lottery funding
Local governments, such as county councils.
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Aims of a public organisation:
The main aim is to provide value for the funding that they receive.
Providing the best possible quality service to the public
Using their funding appropriately and in a cost-effective way
Making enough money to continue to operate (known as breaking ev
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VOLUNTARY SECTOR
Many voluntary sector organisations are charities.

Where do they receive funding from?
Government grants
Donations from the public, including legacies
Entry fees paid by visitors to their attractions and purchases made in their visitor shops
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VOLUNTARY SECTOR
Larger voluntary sector organisations usually have paid staff but also rely on many volunteers.

Why would somebody use their spare time to work and not get paid (volunteer)?
Volunteers enjoy promoting the values of the organization or sharing their love
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VOLUNTARY SECTOR AIMS
To provide a service for others and to reinvest any profits back into the charity
Specific organisations will have specific aims:
Promoting the arts, culture, heritage or science,
Preserving or protecting the environment, buildings or features of the lan
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Accommodation
Accommodation can be catered or it can be self-catered.
Tourists choose their accommodation type according to their needs and their budget.
Types of accommodation:
Hotels
Guest houses and bed and breakfasts
Ski chalets
Youth hostels
Self-catered accomm
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Hotels
Hotels are an example of catered accommodation.
They may be independently owned or part of a large hotel chain.
The core products of any hotel are rooms, food and drink. The services provided will include house-keeping and a reception, so guests are supp
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Hotels
More prestigious and expensive hotels, will offer deluxe rooms and suites, and will provide facilities such as restuarants, bars, swimming pools, a gym and spa.
A budget hotel, offers value for money and targets people who are travelling or on a short br
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Guest houses and bed and breakfasts
Guest houses or B&B’s are another form of catered accommodation.
They are often run by homeowners who wish to capitalise on any extra space they have in their home.
They provide tourists with a charming opportunity to experience local culture.
The faci
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Ski Chalets
Ski chalets may be serviced or self-catering.

Serviced chalets have staff who live nearby and come in every day to prepare and serve breakfast. Whilst the guests are out skiing, the staff clean the chalets, prepare the guests’ dinner and after-ski cake
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Youth Hostels
Youth hostels offer basic accommodation, often in shared rooms, and usually cater for young people on a limited budget. Hotels appeal to families on a budget too as they offer family rooms at low prices.
Their facilities are often even more limited than
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Youth Hostels
Most hostels are self-catering, however some may offer meals included, or they may have a themed night a week ‘curry night’, ‘Mexican night’, where they provide food for their customers at a cheap price
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Self-catered Accommodation
There are many more varieties of self-catered accommodation. Cooking facilities are usually provided. Examples include:
Log cabins and chalets in holiday parks
Rented apartments or holiday cottages
Motels or aparthotels (a hotel with a self-catering se
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Self-catered Accommodation
Caravans, either static or towed behind a car when touring
Tents or luxury alternatives such as yurts and tepees.
Camping has become more luxurious in recent years, this is known as glamping, and contains luxury tents with amenities such as beds and bat
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Interrelationship
the way in which each of two or more things is related to the other or others
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Interdependencies
the dependence of two or more people or things on each other
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Interrelationships
Organisations often choose to work together for mutual benefit, this is an interrelationship.
An example is the National Rail Days Out promotion, which says that anyone travelling by train can pick up a leaflet with two-for-one vouchers to attractions ac
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Interdependencies
An interdependency is a relationship between two or more organisations that rely on each other to provide the best possible product or service. For example, airlines and airports need each other to survive.
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Distribution Channels
Distribution channels are the ways in which businesses and organisations get products to customers.
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Horizontal and Vertical Integration
Integration occurs when two or more businesses or organisations merge together, often because one buys the other.
Organisations that want to control their distribution channel often buy out or merge with another company.
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Horizontal Integration
occurs when a business buys another business at the same level in the distribution channel. For example a hotel chain buying an independent hotel, branding it the same.
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Vertical Integration
occurs when a business buys or merges with a business at a different level in the distribution channel. It will do this to control more sectors of the travel and tourism industry.
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Horizontal and Vertical Integration
Some tour operators have bought or created airlines, hotels and travel agencies. This means they own all the different components in their distribution channel and control the whole operation.
They claim this gives them economies of scale (cost savings m
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Technology for communication, booking and promotion
E-brochures and websites
Reviews, blogs and virtual tours
Mailshots, pop-ups and adverts
Emailing tickets and vouchers
Apps for mobile and digital devices
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E-brochures and websites
Many, if not all, travel and tourism businesses (from tour operators to hotels), use websites to provide information about their products and services, promote special offers and take customer bookings because of this, paper brochures are now published on
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Reviews, blogs and virtual tours
Tourists use online review sites such as TripAdvisor as research tools to choose destinations to visit and tourism businesses to use.

There are also many travel blogs on the internet, and the blogs with most followers can be good places to advertise tour
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Mailshots, pop-ups and adverts
Pop-ups, are advertisements that appear in a web browser window. There are 3 different types:

Time-driven: a pop-up appears to display an advert or offer when a person has been browsing the site for a set time.
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Mailshots, pop-ups and adverts
Behaviour-driven: a pop-up appears when certain criteria are met by the way that person is browsing.
Exit-driven: a pop-up appears when the person leaves the site, usually to display a special offer to make them stay on the site.
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Mailshots, pop-ups and adverts
Websites often carry banner adverts. These are graphics that stretch across the top or bottom of a website or along the side as a sidebar.
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Mailshots, pop-ups and adverts
Whenever you browse a website, the website will place a file known as a ‘cookie’ on your computer. Cookies remain there unless you remove it by clearing cookies in your browser settings.
Cookies allow advertisers to recall your browsing history and direc
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Emailing tickets and vouchers
Many travel and tourism businesses now email tickets and vouchers to customers as standard, so that they can be printed at home or displayed on a smartphone.
This includes airline tickets and boarding passes, theatre and concert tickets, train tickets an
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Emailing tickets and vouchers
This has been a great advantage to customers and businesses because:
Tickets and vouchers cannot get lost in the post
The system is cheaper to administer than posting tickets
It enables and encourages last-minute booking, as customers do not have to wait
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Apps for mobile and digital devices
There are lots of travel and tourism apps, many of which are free, though not all of them are useful.
Waze: GPS for driving (works abroad)
Uber: taxi service (works abroad)
Trainline: shows all train services across the UK, and abroad in some European cou
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Apps for mobile and digital devices
Airbnb: I use to find accommodation, all over the world. I can book and pay for the accommodation on the app.
EasyJet: I check easyjet flights against other airlines when travelling to European cities, to see which is the cheapest. I can also buy the tic
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Technology specific to different organisations
Visitor attractions often use interactive technology.


Multimedia presentations can be used to tell stories and educate visitors in an immersive way that makes them feel part of the action. (Imperial War Museum, which allows children to experience a WW1
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Technology specific to different organisations
Animatronics (use of life like robots, for entertainment) are used in the Natural History Museum to exhibit dinosaurs.
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Transport hubs and gateways
Electronic beacons, sense your smartphone entering and airport, and send you information about the airport’s facilities, such as the location of restaurant’s and departure gate.
Self-service check-in machines.
Security scanners at airports.
Full body s
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Accommodation
( + guests can check in online and go straight to their room)
( + quick and convenient)
( - no personal welcome)
( - room would have been automatically allocated, so there is no opportunity to discuss different rooms)
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Accommodation
Village Hotels, have linked mobile check-in with a mobile room key
Other technologies: WiFi, Multimedia presentations for conferences and parties, interactive walls with local information on
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GDS (Global distribution system):
an IT system that enables travel and tourism businesses to interact with other businesses, such as airlines and hotels, to compare different options and book travel arrangements for customers.
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Television coverage, film locations and advertising
Many travel and tourism businesses advertise on TV.
TUI is one of the largest spenders with European wide campaigns.
Online travel agents are also increasing advertising e.g. Trivago
The settings for TV programmes and films often become popular destinati
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Social Media Use and Influence
Many international travellers use social media such as review sites, blogs and social networks to research their trips.
Businesses can use social media well by:
Building a Facebook page that is up to date
Provide up to date information
Measure numbers of
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Media Coverage of Events and Management of Public Relations
New coverage of terrorist attacks and illnesses can have a major impact on travel and tourism destinations.
Managing this requires expertise in Public Relations (PR) – Research a definition of PR.
Many travel and tourism businesses employ specialist tra
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Media Coverage of Events and Management of Public Relations
It is good practice to have plans in place to handle any potential bad publicity.
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Terrorist Attacks
One impact of terrorist attacks is increased security at transport hubs such as airports, and cruise terminals, aswell as tourist destinations and large events.
These security processes have prevented attacks and have also developed to meet new risks.
W
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Terrorist Attacks
People do not stop travelling after these attacks but they may avoid certain destinations.
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War and Civil Unrest
Political problems can lead to war and civil unrest
If politically unstable the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) will advise against travel

What countries are currently restricted on the FCO website?
Civil unrest can also affect services that simply
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Transport Disasters
These have a severe impact on travel and tourism - but are very rare

When they do occur it affects confidence in the industry e.g. Malaysian Airlines flight lost over the Indian Ocean - affected confidence in Malaysian airlines and affected tourism to Ma
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Health
People discouraged from visiting areas with severe health problems

Current Covid pandemic has prevented travel between countries
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E-Safety
The safety of electronic and digital systems is becoming more important especially as payment systems rely more on mobile devices and applications such as Apple Pay

Travel and Tourism are not investing more into IT measures
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Responses
improved security measures eg passenger screening at airports
Take advice from trade associations eg National counter terrorism security office
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Responses
Follow safety and security measures - eg risk assessments, uniforms, bag searches at events, CCTV, specialist security staff

Plan for a crisis - ensure safety and manage the media to prevent damage to the reputation
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What is legislation
Legislation is the written law of the country
This includes rules, laws, acts of government and government requirements
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What is legislation
These all cover major areas of travel and tourism, such as:
Health and safety
Airport taxes/Air passenger duty (APD)
Passport and Visa requirements
Data protection requirements
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Health and Safety at Work Act
All employers in the travel and tourism industry (and all employers in general!) must comply with the Health and Safety at Work Act.

This covers safety for all employees and customers. This is heavily enforced in the aviation sector also.
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Passports and Visas
All UK residents require a passport to travel. It is currently also possible to move freely within the EU.
A visa may be required when travelling further, this is essentially a background check for inbound visitors.
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The Data Protection Act
The Data Protection Act of 1998 requires any business that requires customer data, to also protect that data. This data must be held securely and for no longer than necessary.
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Trade Associations and Government Departments
These organisations help shape the travel and tourism industry.
They determine industry policies, provide information, support their members and customers and lobby governments on behalf of their customers.
These associations make sure customers are pro
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ABTA
Association of British Travel Agents

“ABTA protection is designed to enforce standards and provide insurance for holidaymakers in the event of financial problems for travel companies”
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ANTOR
ANTOR is the principal lobbying organisation of worldwide Travel Agents and representatives. “Providing a fraternal forum for its members to meet and exchange ideas, to forge close relationships with all other sectors of the travel industry” And to be re
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AITO
“AITO is a British-based travel industry trade group that represents around 120 specialist and independent tour operators.”
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ATOL
It is a government-run financial protection scheme operated by the Civil Aviation Authority. ATOL covers package holidays that include flights, and some flight only sales.”
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CAA
“They oversee civil aviation in the United Kingdom, and this can include pilot equipment and testing of equipment.”
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IATA
“They consist of 290 airlines worldwide in 117 countries and 82% of air traffic.”
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DCMS
“The Department for Digital, Culture, Media & Sport (DCMS) helps to drive growth, enrich lives and promote Britain abroad. We protect and promote our cultural and artistic heritage and help businesses and communities to grow by investing in innovation and
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FCDO
“It is responsible for protecting and promoting British interests worldwide and was created in 1968 by merging the Foreign Office and Commonwealth Office. The head of the FCDO is the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, commonly abbrev
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Information and Promotional Services
VisitBritain:
VisitBritain is the national tourist board funded by the DCMS.
Its role is to market the UK to the rest of the world as a tourist destination.
Its mission is to increase the volume and value of inbound tourism to Britain as a whole and to
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Information and Promotional Services
Destination management organisations:
DMO’s co-ordinate the management of the different components that make up a tourist destination, such as visitor attractions, transport, marketing and promotion.
DMO’s build partnerships between separate tourism org
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Information and Promotional Services
Regional tourist boards:
Each region of the UK has its own tourist board.
For example, VisitDevon, is a tourist board in Devon, and it works with local authorities, the local enterprise partnership and VisitEngland.
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Information and Promotional Services
Local tourist information centres:
Tourist information centres in towns and cities are funded by local councils.
They provide tourists with maps of the town, city or local area, as well as information on local attractions and events, local travel option
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OTHER FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE T&T INDUSTRY
Internal – within the control of the individual organizations
External – Arising from issues outside of the organization – e.g., in the economy. They are outside of an organization's control
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ECONOMIC FACTORS
The state of the economy massively affects businesses in the travel and tourism industry
This is because most travel and tourism businesses are ‘non-essential’ and this industry often suffers when an economy is in a recession. The state of the economy als
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Disposable income
Disposable income is the amount of money that people have left after all of their bills have been paid
In a recession, people have less disposable income and can be more likely to lose their jobs
This means that they are more likely to take cheaper holida
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Currency exchange rates
Exchange rates are linked to recession and growth
If an economy is growing, their exchange rates are stronger - meaning that they are worth more compared to other currencies in the world
If an economy is in a recession, their exchange rates are weaker – m
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Oil prices
The price of oil affects businesses in the T&T industry – especially transport principals like airlines
Air fares are dependent on the price of oil and tour operators are indirectly affected by this as they need to buy flights for their customers
World pr
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Responses to economic factors
Recession – Businesses will decrease their selling prices to try and encourage more people to spend
They will look at how competitors are coping and may undercut their competitors – known as competitive pricing
Ultimately, customers tend to go with the ch
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Responses to economic factors
In response to changing oil prices, airlines may buy fuel when the price is low and engage in fuel hedging (An agreement to purchase fuel at a predetermined price for a specified future time period)
This means they fix the price that they pay suppliers fo
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Visitor numbers by type of tourism
inbound
outbound
domestic
business and fvr
day trips
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Visitor numbers by other factors
Visitor numbers and spending can also be split by other factors, such as:
Type of transport
Country of origin or destination
Accommodation type
Region or city visited
Types of activities carried out
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Visitor trends
Research data does not just tell businesses and organisations about what has already happened; it can also be used to identify trends that are likely to continue to grow or decline in the future.
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Visitor trends
Some of the travel and tourism trends that research data may be used to identify include:
Growth areas of origin and destination
Changing purpose of visit
Transport type used
Length of stay
Increase and decline in popularity of destinations and tourism ty
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INCOME AND SPENDING
Travel and tourism contributes to the country’s GDP from tourist purchases and employment
The wider impact it has is called the multiplier effect.
For example a tourist will spend money in a hotel. The hotel will then purchase local products or services
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THE MULTIPLIER EFFECT
The additional revenue, income or employment created in an area as a result of tourism expenditure.
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LEAKAGE
The economic benefits of tourism can be lost if products and services are imported rather than locally produced.
For example, a Spanish restaurant in Brighton may import Spanish pork rather than using a local farmer, or a hotel construction firm may impor
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Leisure Travel

Back

traveling for pleasure, enjoyment and relaxation
shot breaks
holidays
special events

Card 3

Front

Corporate travel

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Specialist travel

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

VFR (vistitng friends and family)

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

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