Social Spread of Misinformation and Disinformation

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  • Created by: Yasmetron
  • Created on: 27-01-23 14:13
define misinformation
describes false information
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define disinformation
focuses on deceptive intent of the source (the information doesn’t have to be factual or false).
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define social monitoring
a failure to distinguish between original and post-event information
and attribute it to the correct source
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define discrepancy detection
Misleading information is more lik be accepted if the receiver does not detect a discrepan between original and fake
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define trace strength
The relative strength of the memory traces of the original and misleading information matter
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what are the cognitive and socio-affective drivers of false beliefs?
cognitive drivers: intuitive thinking, cognitive failures, illusory truth
socio-affective drivers: source cues, emotion, worldview
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how can emotion cause false beliefs?
-Some emotional states such as a happy mood can make people more vulnerable to deception
- A functional feature of a sad mood might be that it reduces gullibility (Forgas 2013)
- Anger has also been shown to promote belief in politically concordant Covid-
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how can the illusory truth effect cause false beliefs?
- repeating a message makes the story more familiar and thus more credible than a message told once (Dechene, et al 2010)
- must be plausible for repetition to increase believability
- So should fact- checking organizations repeat their debunking messages
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how does source credibility impact information
When the persuasive message was strong, high credibility sources produced more persuasion than did low credibility sources. When the persuasive message was weak, high credibility sources produced less persuasion than did low credibility sources. Thus, hig
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What are the two routes of the elaboration likelihood model?
Central route > requires conscious thought and critical thinking. You must be motivated, have the ability, and the opportunity.
Peripheral route> auto-pilot
frees up more time to think about
more significant decisions you need to make
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what does Confirmation bias and motivated reasoning lead people to do?
can lead (some) people to selectively process information and reject evidence that runs contrary to prior beliefs or deeply held ideological worldviews:
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What is backfiring?
orrections attacking a person’s worldview can backfire. Threats to identity can start a chain reaction of appraisals and emotional responses that hinder information revision (& behaviour change)
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What did Dias et al. (2020) study and find?
Two Studies (Study 1, N= 562; Study 2 N= 1,845)
24 headlines looking like Facebook News Feed
 Half were sympathetic to Democrats, half were sympathetic to Republicans - 4 groups
 The visibility of the headlines’ publishers differed across conditions
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What is the information foraging theory?
Information can apply to any item, be it text, video, audio or image.
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What did Walter & Murphy (2018) study and find?
- meta analysis of misinformation correction
- Its harder to debunk real world misinformation as compared lab constructed misinformation
- Appeals to coherence are more successful (vs source credibility and fact checking)
- rebuttals were more effective
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define pre bunking
pre-emptively reduce the persuasiveness of misinformation before it is encoded. Via Inoculation or a warning of an impending threat to a recipient's existing beliefs, designed to motivate subsequent counterarguing
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define bunking
to retroactively reduce reliance on misinformation by correcting it once it has been encoded.
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What is the inoculation theory
‘Inoculation’ treatment can help people prepare for subsequent misinformation exposure. Treatment typically highlights the risks of being misled, alongside a pre-emptive refutation inoculation can build immunity across topics and increase the likelihood o
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What did Pennycook & Rand (2018) study and find
Individuals who fall for fake news are also more receptive to pseudo‐profound bullshit, more willing to overclaim knowledge, and score lower on the CRT (a test of analytic thinking).
Lazy not biased thinking seems to be the explanation
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What did Loos et al. (2020) study and find?
posted 14 political ‘clickbait style’ fake news articles
119,982 people reached, 58.8% men. A mere 12.7% clicked on the link to the website, while the rest only saw the headline of the article on Facebook
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What did Mean et al. (2020) find?
Bandwagon Heuristic: the more positive feedback (likes) something receives, the more likely it is to be viewed as credible
Instagram post where a trusted endorsement was included > significantly higher perceived message credibility
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What did Groh et al. (2022) study and find?
deep fakes
Ps were relatively good at detecting artifacts generated by deepfake algorithms partly due to human’s specialized visual processing of faces (82% beat the leading computer model)
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

define disinformation

Back

focuses on deceptive intent of the source (the information doesn’t have to be factual or false).

Card 3

Front

define social monitoring

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

define discrepancy detection

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

define trace strength

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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