Social categorisation, stereotypes and Prejudice

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What is the definition of category?
Collections of instances that have a family resemblance
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What is the definition of a prototype?
Cognitive representation of typical defining features of a category,
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What is this?
Standards against which family resemblance is assessed and category membership decided
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What did Rosch suggest about categorisation?
Categories are not rigid but fuzzy
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What is meant by this?
more or less typical of category, depending on protoype, categorisation of less typical members more difficult
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What is categorisation?
Categorise others in terms of group belonging,
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What does this form?
basis of stereotypes,
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What effect is this?
Outgroup homogeneity effect
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What are three main points to why people categorise and stereotype?
Save cognitive energy, clarifies + refines perception of the world, maintain a positive self esteem
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What is meant by saves cognitive energy?
Saves time and cognitive processing, simplify how we think about the social world
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What is meant by clarification and refines perception of the world?
Once a category is activated, tend to see members as processing all traits of the stereotype, reducing uncertainty predict social world
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What is meant by maintain a positive self-esteem?
Motivational function for social identity and self concept, through social comparison with less competent others
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When do people categorises?
Temporal primacy, perceptual salience, chronic accessibility
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What is temporal primacy?
We categorize on the basis of features we encounter first
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What is perceptual salience?
When difference becomes salient eg. the sole male in a room of females
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What is chronic accessibility?
Categorisation in terms of some categories - race, age and gender
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What did Bargh, Chen and Burrows (1996) do?
They gave pps words relating to old people and neutral words, the pps who had the neutral words walked faster than the people who got the elderly words
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What is the illusory correlation?
cognitive exageration of the degree of co-occurence of two stimuli, associative meaning, paired distinctiveness
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What is a stereotype threat?
feelings we will be judged and treated in terms of negative stereotypes of our group
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What can salient stereotypes do?
Impair task performance
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For example
Women & maths
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what is prejudice?
Strong, highly accessible negative attitude, dominated by cognitive bias and negative stereotypes
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What is discrimination?
Behaviour based on unjust treatment of certain groups
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For example?
3 kinds; reluctance to help, tokenism, reverse discrimination
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What is intergroup bias?
Intergroup prejudice, discrimination
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What did Dovidio et al (1996) say about racism?
Decline of racist attitudes over last 60 years
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However, what did Devine and elliot say?
Still racist attitudes in 45%
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What has racism done?
Changed form
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What is this new form of racism?
Conflict between evaluation out-group and values of equality and egalitarian attitudes
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What might be felt?
Aversive/discomfort: guilt and shame
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What are the types of sexism?
hostile sexism, benevolent sexism, ambivalent sexism
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Where does prejudice come from? (adorno et al)
Authotoritarian personality, syndrome of personality characteristics, predispose individuals to be predjudiced
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For example?
Autocratic and punitive child rearing
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What are problems with this approach?
underestimates importance of social situation, does not explain uniformity, historical specificity(increase in racism can occur over a space of a few years too quickly to develop whole generations of authoritarians
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What is social dominance theory?
People who desire own group to be dominant and superior to outgroups - high social dominance orientation
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What does this encourage?
Reject eglitarian ideologies and accept ideology that legitimise hierarchy and discrimination
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is the definition of a prototype?

Back

Cognitive representation of typical defining features of a category,

Card 3

Front

What is this?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What did Rosch suggest about categorisation?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is meant by this?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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