Soc- Prejudice
- Created by: Amy
- Created on: 22-12-21 12:00
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- Prejudice
- Unconscious bias
- Unconscious attributions of attributes to categories
- Biases are influenced are by culture (Devine 1989)
- Can explain discriminatory impact on society (Greenwald et al 2015)
- Measured through the Implicit Association Test (IAT)
- Stereotypes vs prejudice
- Stereotypes are a result of social heuristics and they provide shortcuts which enable us to quickly categorise groups
- Prejudice is the affective element of this process- it is motivated by cognitive style (Allport 1954)
- eg Fiske's Stereotype Content model- stereotype of women being nurturing and warm means they face prejudice of being incompetent
- Prejudice is the affective element of this process- it is motivated by cognitive style (Allport 1954)
- Stereotypes are a result of social heuristics and they provide shortcuts which enable us to quickly categorise groups
- Some types: based on gender identity, sexualoty, race & ethnicity or age
- Terms
- Ingroup: group you belong to
- Outgroup: group you do not belong to
- Intergroup bias: preference for an ingroup over an outgroup
- Prejudice: negative attitude towards members of specific social outgroups
- Prejudice- affective eg preferring to hire men, stereotypes- cognitive
- Social identity theory (Tajfel & Turner)
- Individuals strive for a +ive social identity> make favourable comparisons with outgroups> ingroups must be perceived as +ively different from relevant outgroups> we are motivated to maximise the +ive difference between ingroup and outgroup
- Humans have a need to belong (Baumeister & Liery 1995)
- Infrahumanisation
- The view that groups are essentially or fundamentally different eg my group is more human than the outgroup
- We make positive distinctiveness (Turner et al 1987) eg my ingroup is great, my outgroup is bad
- The view that groups are essentially or fundamentally different eg my group is more human than the outgroup
- Dehumanisation
- Denial of humanness, most extreme form of inhumanisation
- Paladino et al (2002)- ingroup names more strongly associated with uniquely human emotions than outgroup names, linked to objectification
- Individual differences
- Authoritarian personality (Adorno 1950)- absolute obedience/submission to an authority leading to the acceptance of oppression of subordinates, measured by F scale (fascist), promoted by strict parents
- Need for closure (Roets & Van Hiel 2011)- desire for an answer on a given topic (Webster & Kruglanski 1994)
- Social dominance theory (Sidanius & Pratts 2001)- some groups have higher power and status some have lower, discrimination and prejudice are thus legitimised by hierarchies
- 3 Intergroup theories of prejudice
- Realistic group conflict theory
- Prejudice is situational (Sherif 1966), intergroup conflict develops due to competition for scarce resources , including power and prestige (LeVine & Campbell 1972)
- Conflict fuelled by prejudice is an adaptive response to lack of resources
- Sherif & Sherif (1953) Robbers cave studies- boys summer camp, 2 groups, 3 stages: group formation, intergroup competition, conflict reduction
- If there is no obvious competition threat can include resources like safety, economy, well being, politics (Tajfel & Turner 1980)
- Prejudice is situational (Sherif 1966), intergroup conflict develops due to competition for scarce resources , including power and prestige (LeVine & Campbell 1972)
- Minimal groups paradigm (Tajfel et al
- ps allocated to 2 groups based on painting preferences, asked to allocate points (money) to unknown ingroup and outgroup members with no individual gains, more likely to give to ingroup and take from outgroup
- Competition despite meaningless categories and no interaction
- ps allocated to 2 groups based on painting preferences, asked to allocate points (money) to unknown ingroup and outgroup members with no individual gains, more likely to give to ingroup and take from outgroup
- Social identity theory
- Realistic group conflict theory
- Reducing prejudice
- Intergroup contact- bringing together members of different groups should reduce prejudice (Allport 1954)
- Cooperation, common goals, equal status, institutional support
- Mere exposure- knowing ingroup members who have outgroup friends can reduce outgroup reduce
- Wright et al (1997)- extended contact
- based on Robbers cave experiment, 1 member of each group worked together and discussed experience with other ingroup members
- +ve ingroup exemplar (social norms, reduce anxiety)
- -ve outgroup exemplar (reduces stereotypes)
- Wright et al (1997)- extended contact
- Intergroup contact- bringing together members of different groups should reduce prejudice (Allport 1954)
- Unconscious bias
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