Stereotypes, Prejudice and discrimination

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What is a stereotype?
Widely shared generalisations about members of a social groups
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What is the function of a stereotype?
To organise and facilitate the processing of information about members of different social or ethnic groups
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What is used in stereotypes?
Underlying cognitive structures that shape our judgement and perceptions
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What are impressions dominated by?
Key central characteristics (Impression formation - central traits)
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What is Asch's configural model ?
Gestalt based central and peripheral traits
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When is attention greatest?
When making initial impression, early information affects meaning of later information
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What is the algerbraic model?
Average information received
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What is configural model?
Certain elements dominate and can influence interpretation of others
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What is cognitive dissonance?
Reappraise discrpant elements
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What is there a drive for?
Unified and organised impression shapes mental processing
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Haire and Grune (2011)
- Describe a working man from stereotype consistent information - Difficult to integrate one piece of inconsistent information – intelligence - Information ignored, distorted participants took a long time or promoted him to supervisor
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What is the cognitive stereotype function?
Save energy: simplifies how we think about social world
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What does stereotype also allow?
Make predictions: Use category to make dispositional inferences about others
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What does stereotypes do?
Allow motivation: Maintain a positive self esteem: For social identity and social concept. Through comparisons with less competent others
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What is the first step in the stereotyping process?
Assign individual to a group - categorise: Based on salient and or accessible characteristic: Gender, age, race
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What is the second step?
Activate belief that all members of this group behave in the same way
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What is the third step?
Infer that individual member must possess stereotypical characteristics of the category
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What is the fourth step?
Response to individual on this basis
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What is a illusory correlation?
- A relationship when none exists or exaggeration of relationship - Associative meaning – based on schemas ÷ Minority groups and negative attributes
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What is paired distinctiveness?
- Minority groups (less of them) and negative events (occur less
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However?
Perhaps not illusory: perhaps rational and functionally adaptive to favour ingroup
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What is the function of stereotypes?
People use these readily to categorise people, particularly when social tensions and conflict exist
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When are they acquired?
at an early age
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Change is what?
Slow and generally in response to a wider social change
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Stereotypes are not what?
Necessarily inaccurate or wrong and help to make sense of particular intergroup associations
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Katz and Braly (1933)
They assigned traits to members of ethnic and national groups
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What is the adjective checklist?
84 traits EG: Lazy, high consensus in sterotype attribution
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Even if what?
Groups are unfamiliar, favourable evaluation of own group
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What is the second princton trilogy?
Gilbert (1951)
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What is the third of Princton trilogy?
Karlins, Coffman and Walters (1969)
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What did they do?
Same procedure, same set of adjectives, participants were reluctant to participate
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What did they find?
Stereotypes communicated much less negative, stereotypes have faded over the years?
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However what?
Ambiguity of the instructions given, non assessment of prejudice, adjectives list outdates
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What has stereotype content done?
Changed over time, increased in consensus, become more favourable
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Due to?
Structural and societal changes
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What has increased?
Intergroup contact
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Fiske et al (2002)
Stereotype content model identifies universal principles regarding aspects of content
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What underlies emotional and behavioural responses?
Warmth and competence
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What is the perceived status?
Competence
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Competition?
Warmth
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What is the stereotype content model?
A theory that all group stereotypes and interpersonal impressions form along two dimensions: Warmth and Competence
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Where does envy fall?
High in competence low in warmth
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Where does disgust fall?
Low in warmth and competence
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Where does pity fall?
High in warmth low in competence
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Where does pride fall?
High in competence and warmth
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What is examples of pity?
Elderly, disabled
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What are examples of disgust?
Homeless, drug addict
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What are examples of pride?
Student, British
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What are examples of Envy?
Rich and professional
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What is the racism implicit association test?
Project implicit, 68% participants implicit preference for the white race, generally stronger effect sizes than self report measures
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Why is this controversial?
people often find racism
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What do European Americans Pref?
Asians, Hispanics and mixed race ps
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What do AA not demonstrate?
Implicit pref for own race
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What are attitudes shaped by?
Culture
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What was study one?
Knowledge of black cultural stereotypes
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What was found?
No diffs between high and low prejudice participants
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What is study 2?
Subconscious priming of black stereotypes to lesser or greater degree
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What is the interpretation of ambiguous hostile behaviour?
Donald demands his money back from a store clerk immediately after a purchase; would go somewhere else if mechanic could not fix his car the same day
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What was different?
- Both low and high prejudice participants rated Donald more hostile after greater stereotype priming
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What was study 3?
List thoughts about black people under anonymous condition:
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What is high prejudice?
REported primarily negative traits
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Low prejudice?
Reported beliefs that contradicted cultural stereotypes and emphasized equality
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What did low prejudice motivate?
To inhibit automatic stereotype and replace them with equality relevant thoughts
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What is new type of racism?
Aversive Racism
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How is new racism detected?
Unobtrusive measures: Eg racism, bystander effect, non verbal behaviour, language use, indirect measures: reaction time task
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What is the bystander effect
Participant heard emergency in the next room, victim was either black or white, participant either alone or with 2 helpers.
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When was the bystander effect?
Greatly magnified if victim was black
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What is prejudice?
An unfavourable attitude towards a social group and its members
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What is discrimination?
Singling out members of a social group for prejudice based on attributes of their group membership
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What is dehumanisation?
Strippng people of their dignity and humanity
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What is prejudice based on?
Strong, highly accessible negative attitudes, dominated by cognitive bias and negative stereotypes
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What is discrimination based on?
Unjust treatment of certain groups - reluctance to help, tokenism and reverse discrimination
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What are theories of prejudice and discrimination?
Mere exposure effect, social learning theory, social idenity theory
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What is the fustration aggression hypothesis?
Personality: Authoritarian, dogmantism, social dominance theory
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What is mere exposure effect?
Familiarly increases liking: Preference for own race
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What is social learning theory?
Young children use obvious perceptual features to categorise - can easily pick up adult prejudices
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What is observational learning?
Instrumental conditioning, classical conditioning
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What is social identity and self categorisation?
Group membership important, in group bias, depersonalisation, emphasis of differences between groups
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What is the fustration aggression hypothesis?
- If target is unavailable for aggression then ‘scape goat’ - Generalisation: Anger towards target spills over onto similar others
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But?
Fustration without aggression and aggression without fustration
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What is an authoritarian personality type?
- Respect for authority, obsession with rank and status - Developed in childhood through excessive harsh or disciplinarian practices - Tendency to displace anger and resentment onto weaker groups
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However?
Few differences between racist and non racist groups
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What is Dogmitism and closemindedness?
More generalised syndrome witha focus on cognitive style, characterised by being close minded, resistance to belief change in light of new information, isolaton of contradictory belief systems rather than adjustment
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What do personality theories fail to do?
Fail to account for sudden attitude change: Increase in anti muslim sentiment after 0/11 and fail to account for situational factors
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What is social dominance theory?
- Most societies have one group with disproportionate power and privileges
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What is discrimination hidden through?
- Discrimination hidden through legitimising myths e.g. national security
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What is there a desire for?
own group to be dominant and superior to other groups – high social dominance orientation - More recently proposal that some will maintain status quo even if part of subordinate group (Sidanius et al., 2001)
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What is the belief congruence theory?
- Similar beliefs – liking and social harmony Dissimilar beliefs – dislike and prejudice - Beliefs as more important than race
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What does it do?
Only operates where institutionalised prejudice doesnt exist
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What is institutionalised prejudice?
racism expressed in the practice of social and political institutions. Institutional racism is also racism by individuals or informal social groups, governed by behavioral norms that support racist thinking and foment active racism.
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What are women suppose to be?
Less competent but nice
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What are men suppose to be?
Competent but less nice
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Men and women see what?
Women as more homogenous than men
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What sex roles are there?
- Men: out of home full time jobs - Women: Home makers
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Are there intrinsic personality differences?
Minor differences which are exaggerated, certain roles are sex typed: Role assignment in jobs
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What is the glass ceiling effect?
- Stereotypes prevent promotion due to competence perceptions
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For example?
- Female in upper management, males in flight attendants
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Who is responsible for maintaining sex roles?
Media
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What is face-ism?
Greater prominence to the head and less prominence to the body for men and vice versa for women
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What is reduced?
Overt sexism
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What do sexists hold?
Benevolent and hostile attitudes towards different subtypes
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Such as what?
- Benevolent attitudes towards traditional women - Hostile attitudes towards non-traditional women
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What do recent reviews show?
reduced tendencies to devalue women’s work - positive female stereotype is emerging (Eagly & Mladinic, 1994) - Only in western democratic countries
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is the function of a stereotype?

Back

To organise and facilitate the processing of information about members of different social or ethnic groups

Card 3

Front

What is used in stereotypes?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What are impressions dominated by?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is Asch's configural model ?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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