Skeletal System

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What bones make up the axial sketetal system? and what is it?
a) cranium, sternum, vertebrae & ribcage b) it is the core of the body
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What is the appendicular skeletal system?
where the bones attach to the core of the body
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What is the main role of the flat bone?
to give protection and attachment to muscles
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What is the main role of the long bone?
to provide movement and to support red blood cell production
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What is the main role of the short bone?
provide stability, shock absorption, movement and weight baring
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What is the main role of the irregular bone?
provide protection for the spinal cord
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What is the main role of the sesamoid bone?
provide protection and to reduce friction across a joint
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Give an example of the flat bone
cranium, sternum, scapula & ribs
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Give an example of the long bone
humerus, tibia, phalanges & femur
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Give an example of the short bone
tarsals & carpals
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Give an example of the irregular bone
vertebrae & sacrum
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Give an example of the sesamoid bone
pattela
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Name the curvature of the spine and how many parts are in each one
cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5 vertebrae fused together), coccygeal (4 vertebrae fused together)
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What is scoliosis?
a curvature in the spine either to the left or right, it is more common in children but can be found in adults. it is not thought to be linked to bad posture - the reasons are unknown
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What is kyphosis?
the outward curve in the thoracic region of the spine resulting in a hunchback appearance, often caused by bad posture but can be caused by deformities of the vertebrae
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What is the process in which bones are formed?
ossification
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What happens during the process?
parts of the bone are reabsorbed so theat uncessasary calcium is removed, via osteoclast, while new layers of bone tissue are created
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What are osteoblast and what do they do?
osteoblast are cells that bring calcium to the bone, during exercise osteoblast activity increases which me and bones become stronger which reduces risk of osteoporosis
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What are epiphyseal plates?
the ends of each long bone contain growing areas which allow the bone to grow longer throughout childhood until they are fully mature
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What is the epiphyseal line?
once the long bone is fully formed, the bone then fuses with main shaft to create the epiphyseal line
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Name the 8 functions of the skeletal system
support, protection, attachment for skeletal muscles, source of blood cell production, store of minerals, leverage, weight bearing, reducing friction across a joint
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Explain the function of source of blood cell production
our bones are not completely solid this is so we can move due to our bones not being too heavy, our blood vessels feed the centre of our bones and stored within the bones are bone marrow. the marrow in our long bones produce red and white blood cells
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What is the role of red and white blood cells?
red = carry oxygen to muscles, white = fight infection
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Explain the function of store of minerals
our bones store minerals such as calcium and phosphorous which are essential for bone growth and maintenance of health. the bone release these minerals into the blood when needed.
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What is calcium essential for?
muscle contraction & bone repair
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What is phosphorus essential for?
too little of this can cause muscle fatigue & joint pain.
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Name the three classifications of joints
fixed joint (fibrous), slightly movable joint ( cartilaginous), freely moveable joint ( synovial)
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Give an example of a fixed joint
cranium
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Give an example of a slightly movable joint
ribs & vertebrae
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Give an example of a freely moveable joint
hips, shoulders & knees
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What is the role of the bursa?
it is filled with synovial fluid which cushions the tendons & bones and prevents friction
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What is the role of the synovial fluid?
a thick liquid that lubricates the joint and reduces friction, it also provides nutrients to the articular cartilage
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What is the role of the cartilage?
found on the end of the bone and stops bones rubbing together
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What is the role of the joint capsule?
contains the main structure and keeps it all in place it also protects the joint
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What is the role of the synovial membrane?
releases synovial fluid
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What is the role of the ligaments?
holds the bones together and keeps them in place
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Name the synovial joints and give an example
hinge (elbow & knee), pivot (neck), ball + socket (shoulder & hips), condyloid (carpals), saddle (thumb), gliding (carpals & tarsals)
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What is lateral flexion?
moving the hips, torso and neck either to the left or right (cartwheel)
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What is hyperextension?
going beyond you limit of movement (bending backwards)
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Give the two short term responses to exercise
increase uptake in minerals within bones & increased synovial fluid production
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Explain what happens during increased uptake of minerals
the body absorbs minerals this increases bone mineral density and bones become stronger this then reduces risk of injury and allows the bones to cope with stress
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Explain what happens during increased synovial fluid production
this makes joints lubricated which can protect the bones. the fluid becomes less viscous (thick & sticky) and increases range of movement
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Give the two long term responses to exercise
strengthening ligaments & increasing bone density
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Explain what happens when the ligaments strengthen
ligaments hold bones together because they are strong and the stronger they are the more able they are to stretch further and therefore they will become more pliable
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Explain what happens during increased bone density
increasing bone density means that our bones become stronger therefore we are more resistant to forces, it allows bones to cope with stress which will result in less injury
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What is arthritis?
a condition where there is infamation with in the synovial joint causing pain and stiffness, it is caused by wear and tear
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How can sport help arthritis?
regular exercise can prevent it as exercise produces more synovial fluid with improved lubrication and reduces friction
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What is osteoporosis?
a weakening of the bones due to loss in calcium or vitamin D, when we get older our bones
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How can sport help osteoporosis?
exercise increases uptake of minerals at the bones resulting in an increase of bone density
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How can age affect exercise?
the skeletal system constantly grows and repairs itself and generally sport will benefit you
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is the appendicular skeletal system?

Back

where the bones attach to the core of the body

Card 3

Front

What is the main role of the flat bone?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is the main role of the long bone?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is the main role of the short bone?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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