Research Methods Revision

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Extraneous variables
Factors that may interfere with the IV/DV, affecting the study.
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Situational variables
In the environment.
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Order effect
When ppts improve or worsen in the second condition due to practice/fatigue.
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Demand characteristics
Ppts change their behaviour to meet aims of the study.
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Investigator effect
Investigator drops hints on how they want the ppts to behave.
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Participant variables
Associated with ppts involved bringing their abilities that can impact results.
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Eliminating variables
Removes the likelihood of the findings.
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Standardised variables
Procedure is the same over all conditions.
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Counterbalancing
Ppts experiences condition A then B, while others experience B than A.
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Randomisation
Ppts are randomly assigned to a condition.
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Independent variable
Directly manipulated by the researcher.
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Dependant variable.
Variable being measured.
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Single blind technique
Info about study is withheld from ppts, controlling demand characteristics.
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Double blind technique
Aims of study is withheld from ppts + researchers, reducing investigator effect.
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Random allocation
Randomly assigned to a condition in the study.
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Hypothesis
Estimate of the results without any evidence.
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Null hypothesis
Predictions the study will FAIL to show differences that are consistent.
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Alternate hypothesis
Prediction of results based on what is expected to happen - based on a theory.
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Directional hypothesis
Predicts the direction results will go in - theory around a study makes a clearer aim.
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Non-Directional hypothesis
Predicts differences/relationships found - evidence is mixed so cannot make a clearer aim.
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Experimental hypothesis
Used in lab/field experiments.
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Random sampling
Everyone has an equal chance of being selected.
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Advantages of random sampling
Eliminates sample bias + represents the target audience.
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Disadvantages of random sampling
Takes a lot of time, effort and money to achieve.
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Stratified sampling
Researcher sees different people to make up a target audience.
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Advantages of stratified sampling
Representative of the target audience + is generalisable.
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Disadvantages of stratified sampling
Very time consuming.
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Opportunity sampling
Based on convenience, selects people who are available.
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Advantages of opportunity sampling
Quick + easy to do.
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Disadvantages of opportunity sampling
Don't represent target audience + may include sample bias.
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Volunteer sampling
Advertise experiment + people sign up to carry it out.
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Advantages of volunteer sampling
Not time consuming + easy to do as minimal effort is required.
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Disadvantages of volunteer sampling
Cannot be generalised + includes volunteer bias.
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Researcher design
How ppts are allocated to conditions of a study.
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Experimental design
Name given to a research design used in an experiment.
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Independent measures design
Ppts split into groups, each group tested in only 1 condition. (Randomisation controls problems).
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Repeated measures design
Same ppts used in all conditions. (Order effect controlled by counterbalancing)
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Matched pair design
Different ppts used in each study, matched for likeness on characteristics.
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Reliability
Shows if the results have validity + can be standardised through the consistency of results.
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Reliability in sample methods
If it leads to a biased sample, results may be unreliable + unreplicable.
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Reliability in experimental designs
In independent measures designs, there are ppt variables, which are unreliable.
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Validity
The extent a study measure what it intends to measure.
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Internal validity
Whether the measures used actually tested what it was meant to.
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External validity
Whether results are generalisable to the target population.
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Qualitative data
Emphasis on detailed info (verbal/written methods). - limits generalisability + leads to researcher bias.
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Quantitative data
Scientific rout, linked to numerical data - data can be generalised + there is low chances of investigator effects.
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Ethics
Researchers follow codes of conduct when carrying out research to protect ppts.
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Informed consent
Agreements of ppts, aware of aims + nature of the study.
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Deception
Misleading/lying to ppts.
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Confidentiality
Hiding the identity of ppts.
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Protection of participants
Safeguarding participants against physical + psychological harm.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

In the environment.

Back

Situational variables

Card 3

Front

When ppts improve or worsen in the second condition due to practice/fatigue.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Ppts change their behaviour to meet aims of the study.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Investigator drops hints on how they want the ppts to behave.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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