Reasoning

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  • Created by: Yasmetron
  • Created on: 03-03-23 14:47
define deductive reasoning
determining the conclusions that must follow given that certain statements are true
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define conditional reasoning
refers to making inferences based on a conditional statement of the form “if p, then q,”
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What is the abstract rule theory?
o Braine (1978)
o People reason logically but make mistakes if they misunderstand the task or if the required reasoning places too many demands on working memory
o Performance can be improved by presenting additional clarifying sentences
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What is the mental model theory?
o Johnson-Laird (e.g., 1999
conclusions are drawn based on the initial model. Falsify that conclusion by constructing an alternative model. The creation of an alternative model is very demanding on the wm. Therefore, individuals tend to construct mental m
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What is the dual system approach?
Evans (2003)
o Reasoning involves two systems – fast automatic, based on prior knowledge, belief and heuristics (meaning rule of thumb e.g., go to a pub, order at the bar). And slow, deliberate, abstract, based on logic
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What is the probabilistic approach?
o Oaksford and Chater (e.g., 2001)
o People use probabilistic reasoning rather than logic to sole deductive reasoning tasks
o What matters is the expected reduction in uncertainty concerning whether rule is true of false according to this measure: P > Q >
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What did Wason and Shapiro (1971) study?
There were 4 cards shown: A, 4, D, 7
The rule is that if there is an A on one side of the card, then there is a 4 on the other side. The cards you should turn over is the A to check there is a 4 on the other side and the 7 because if there is an A on the
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What is the social contract theory?
• We have strategies for detecting cheats who receive benefits without incurring the appropriate costs
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what are the problems with the social contract theory?
• Some facilitatory contexts do not involve costs and benefits that are socially exchanged – but these have not always replicated
• Only applies to deontic versions of the Wason task (‘if you do X you must do Y’) and not to ‘indicative’ versions (‘if the
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Define inductive reasoning
going beyond the information provided to draw generalised conclusions – hypothesis testing. These conclusions may not always be true.
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What do we have the tendency to do with statements?
• Tendency to attempt to confirm (rather than disconfirm) original hypothesis
Wason (1960)
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What did Mynatt et al. (1977) study and find?
Confirm group: 71%, Disconfirm group: 70%, Control group: 71%
o People consistently chose screens that would allow then to confirm their hypothesis
o But 91% of participants changed to a correct hypothesis when given disoconfirmatory evidence
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Card 2

Front

define conditional reasoning

Back

refers to making inferences based on a conditional statement of the form “if p, then q,”

Card 3

Front

What is the abstract rule theory?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is the mental model theory?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is the dual system approach?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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