Discovering topic 7: reason

?
  • Created by: Chookie
  • Created on: 19-05-17 14:34
What is reasoning?
Thinking that is careful, unemotional and leads to the truth
1 of 41
What does Telos mean?
that everything has an ultimate purpose
2 of 41
Who came up with the concept of Telos
Aristotle (384-322BC)
3 of 41
What is human telos?
To have a life of reason
4 of 41
According to Telos / Aristotle what is bad and good and why?
Reason is good because it is human, emotion is bad because its animal
5 of 41
What are concepts?
building blocks that we use in reasoning, the information which we store in the mind that refers to one specific kind of thing. They are stored in a mental mind dictionary
6 of 41
Who described how concepts are arrange in the mind?
Collins + Quillian (1969)
7 of 41
What did Collins and Quillian (1969) say about how concepts are arranged in the mind?
Each concept has a list of characteristic features which distinguish it from other concepts. Concepts are arranged in a hierarchy
8 of 41
According to Collins and Quillian (1969) where are features stored in the hierarchy of concepts?
At the highest possible level because it is more efficient. We retrieve features attached directly to a concept faster than those attached to a higher level concept.
9 of 41
What is a problem of Collins and Quillian (1969) concept theory? (tidy)
It is too tidy, the human mind is not like that. Concepts are not arranged in neat hierarchies.
10 of 41
What is a problem of Collins and Quillian (1969) concept theory? (better)
Some concepts are treated like better examples of higher level concepts than others. Something is either a bird or not a bird, but robins are treated like a better example of a bird than a penguin.
11 of 41
What did Rosch (1975) say about concepts?
She distinguished between formal and natural concepts.
12 of 41
According to Rosch (1975) what is a formal concept?
A concept which are carefully defined taxonomies used by experts
13 of 41
According to Rosch (1975) what are natural concepts?
Concepts which are based on everyday experience of real things. They don't have precise definitions. Natural concepts are an accumulation of your experiences of all the items from that concept
14 of 41
According to Rosch (1975) is there a hierarchy of concepts?
Yes. There is a basic level concept, super- ordinate concepts and sub-ordinate concepts
15 of 41
According to Rosch (1975) what is a basic level concept?
The concept we are most likely to use
16 of 41
According to Rosch (1975) what is a super-ordinate concept?
The concept above another concept
17 of 41
According to Rosch (1975) what is a sub-ordinate concept?
The concept below another concept
18 of 41
What is a prototype?
The most central or typical basic-level member of a super-ordinate concept. They are recognised faster as a category member
19 of 41
What type of reasoning did Aristotle devise?
Deductive reasoning
20 of 41
What is deductive reasoning?
A reasoning that guarantees success (according to Aristotle) , no ifs and no buts
21 of 41
What are syllogisms?
A kind of deductive reasoning containing two claims and a conclusion
22 of 41
How many parts do syllogisms have?
Three. As long as these things are true (A is B (part 1) C is A ( part 2) ) then this must be true as well (C is B (part 3)
23 of 41
What is an issue with syllogisms? (middle)
There is an undistributed middle. If B is the middle term, we never get told how A and C are distributed in the middle term. A might not necessarily be the same as C
24 of 41
What is conditional reasoning?
A kind of deductive reasoning which contains an if-then claim. (if A then B)
25 of 41
What is the Wason selection task?
you select two cards to check the rule 'if A then B must be on the back".
26 of 41
What do most people give as the answer to the Wason selection task? (Four cards A,B,C,D. If A B must be on the back)
They check A to is if B is on the back and B to see if A is on the back.(this is wrong)
27 of 41
What is the correct answer to the Wason selection task? ( (Four cards A,B,C,D. If A B must be on the back)
They should check A to see if B is on the back and then C and D to check B is not on the back of them.
28 of 41
Why do people often give the wrong answer to the Wason selection task?
because of confirmation bias
29 of 41
What is confirmation bias?
When people want to confirm if something is correct rather than test whether it is wrong
30 of 41
Why do humans struggle with deductive reasoning?
Because the truth doesn't matter. If claims are false then the conclusion must be false.
31 of 41
What is inductive reasoning ?
When you collect some data and then make a general rule. It tells you about the real world.
32 of 41
Who came up with inductive reasoning?
Francis Bacon
33 of 41
What type of reasoning is science based on?
inductive reasoning
34 of 41
What is the Milner's Wisconsin card sorting task?
When you have to work out the experimenter's general rule, whether to sort the card by colour, number or shape. You generate hypotheses, test and remember the outcome.
35 of 41
Why do people struggle with inductive reasoning ? (Gamble )
Because of Gambler's fallacy
36 of 41
What is Gambler's fallacy ?
When humans think because something very unlikely is happening it is likely that it won't continue. Humans struggle with probability. If events are independent then what has happened before is irrelevant, but humans don't understand this!
37 of 41
What is another reason people struggle with inductive reasoning? (base)
Base rate fallacy.
38 of 41
What is base race fallacy?
if presented with general and specific to a case information people
39 of 41
What is another problem with inductive reasoning? (conjunction)
The conjunction fallacy
40 of 41
What is the conjunction fallacy?
When you cant make something more likely by adding another requirement but people think you can
41 of 41

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What does Telos mean?

Back

that everything has an ultimate purpose

Card 3

Front

Who came up with the concept of Telos

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is human telos?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

According to Telos / Aristotle what is bad and good and why?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Psychology resources:

See all Psychology resources »See all reason resources »