Who believed that our personality was biological, and results from the nervous system we inherit?
Eysenck
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What is the criminal personality type?
Neurotic-extravert-psychotic
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What test was devised by Eysenck to test personality and offending behaviour?
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire
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Who found supporting evidence for the EPQ predicting offending behaviour?
Eysenck and Eysenck
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Who found that whilst criminals did score highly on psychoticism, they did not score exceptionally highly on extraversion and neuroticism?
Farrington et al
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Who suggested that personality traits are a poor predictor of criminality?
Moffitt
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Who developed the theory of stages of morality?
Kohlberg
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What is level 1 in the stages of morality?
Pre-conventional morality
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What is level 2 in the stages of morality?
Conventional morality
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What is level 3 in the stages of morality?
Post-conventional morality
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Why are rules obeyed in pre-conventional morality?
To avoid punishment and for personal gain
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Why are rules obeyed in conventional morality?
For approval and to maintain social order
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Why are rules obeyed in post-conventional morality?
Instead of rules, a person has their own set of ethical principles, and rules are challenged if they infringe on the rights of others
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What may criminality also be explained by?
Cognitive distortions
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What is hostile attribution bias?
When actions of others are interpreted as hostile even when they are not
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Who found that offenders were more likely to perceive ambiguous facial expressions as hostile?
Schonenberg and Jusyte
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Who found that the difference found by Schonenberg and Jusyte was also present in childhood?
Dodge and Frame
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Who found that among 26 rapists, 54% denied they committed an offence at all?
Barbaree
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Who asked criminals 11 moral reasoning questions and found their answers to be in line with Kohlberg's theory?
Palmer and Hollin
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Who suggested that moral reasoning differs based on crime committed?
Thornton and Reid
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Who suggested that cognitive distortions differ based on crime committed?
Howitt and Sheldon
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What is differential association theory?
The theory that individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques and motives for offending behaviour through association and interaction with different people
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Who stated that the conditions which are said to cause crime must be present when crime is present, and they should be absent when crime is absent?
Sutherland
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How does offending arise from learning attitudes?
A person may adopt the more prevalent opinions in a social group, whether they are pro-crime or anti-crime
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How does offending arise from learning techniques?
A person may learn techniques to carry out a crime from the people they associate with
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What is a strength of differential association theory?
Shows that it is not just working-class people who commit crimes
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Is it possible to test how many anti-crime or pro-crime attitudes someone has been exposed to?
No
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What is the criminal personality type?
Back
Neurotic-extravert-psychotic
Card 3
Front
What test was devised by Eysenck to test personality and offending behaviour?
Back
Card 4
Front
Who found supporting evidence for the EPQ predicting offending behaviour?
Back
Card 5
Front
Who found that whilst criminals did score highly on psychoticism, they did not score exceptionally highly on extraversion and neuroticism?
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