The crime scene is left with many clues like fingerprints, there's little evidence of engagement with the victim and the offender has lower intelligence and competence.
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Offender profiling
A method of working out the characteristics of an offender by examining the characteristics of the crime and crime scene.
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Organised offender
Commits a planned crime, engages in violent fantasies with the victim, highly intelligent and socially competent
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Top-down approach
An analysis of previous crimes creates a profile of a likely offender. This is used to narrow down suspects. Relies on the intuition and beliefs of the profiler.
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Bottom up approach
A data driven approach where statistical techniques are used to produce predictions about the likely characteristics of an offender.
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Geographical profiling
A form of bottom-up profiling based on the pattern shown by the location or locations of a series of crimes.
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Investigative psychology
A form of bottom-up profiling based on psychological theory.
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Atavistic form
An explanation for criminal behaviour, suggesting that certain individuals are born with a criminal personality and this innate personality is a throwback to earlier primate forms.
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Epigenetics
The material in each cell of the body that acts like a set of switches to turn genes on or off.
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Genetic explanations
The likelihood of behaving in a particular way is determined by a person's genetic makeup i.e it is inherited from parents.
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neural explanations
Involve areas of the brain and nervous system and the action of neurotransmitters in controlling behaviour.
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Extraversion
Eysenck - outgoing people who enjoy risk and danger - nervous systems are underaroused
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Neuroticism
Eysenck - negative outlook who get upset easily - lack of stability - overreactive fight or flight response
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Cognitive distortion
Thinking that has a bias so that what is perceived by a person doesn't match reality.
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Hostile attribution bias
When a person automatically attributes malicious intentions to another.
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Minimilisation
Underplaying the consequence of an action to reduce negative emotions such as feeling guilty.
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Moral reasoning
Thinking in a consistent and logical way about right and wrong, with reference to socially agreed principles.
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Differential association theory
An explanation of offending behaviour in terms of learning theory , how interactions with others lead to the formation of attitude of crime as well as acquiring specific knowledge about how to commit crimes.
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Affectionless psychopathy
a behaviour disorder in which the individual has no ability to experience shame or guilt and lacks a social conscience. This means that they may find it 'easier' to commit crimes.
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Maternal deprivation
The loss of emotional care that is normally provided by a primary caregiver.
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Psychodynamic explanation
Any theory that emphasises an individual's change or development, especially when drive is the central concept . e.g. Freudian psychoanalysis
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Superego
Part of Freud's conception of the structure of the personality. Embodies our conscience and sense of right and wrong, as well as notions of ideal self. 3-6. Freud.
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De-individuation
A psychological state in which indivividuals have lowered levels of self-evaluation (e.g in a crowd) and decreased concerns about evaluation by others.
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Recidivism
When a person re-offends after receiving after receiving a form of punishment for previous offences.
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Behavioural modification
A therapeutic technique used to increase or decrease the frequencies of behaviour using operant conditioning.
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Operant conditioning
Learning through reinforcement or punishment. if a behaviour is followed by a desirable consequence, then that behaviour is more likely to occur again in future.
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Token economy
A form of therapy where desirable behaviours are encouraged by the use of selective reinforcements. Rewards (tokens) are secondary exchanged for primary reinforcers (food/privileges).
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Anger management
A form of CBT specific to changing the way a person manages their anger. Techniques include cognitive restructuring, skill acquisition and behavioural training.
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CBT
A combination of cognitive therapy (a way of changing maladaptive thoughts) and behavioural therapy (changing behaviour in response to these).
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Restorative justice
A method of reducing and atoning for offending behaviour through reconciliation between offender and victim as well as the wider community.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Offender profiling
Back
A method of working out the characteristics of an offender by examining the characteristics of the crime and crime scene.
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