To produce one item at a time. very labour intesnive method that requires very skilled staff. the item stays still while the worker moves round it
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advantages of job production
1) bespoke, unique, to your measurements or specification e.g. kitchens. 2) very motivated workers
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disadvantages of job production
1) skilled labour can be expensive. 2) may require a wide range of tools. 3) long lead time between starting and finishing. 4) high selling costs
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batch production
used when a business wants to make more than one item at a time, goods are made in batches and can be switched over to make something different on the same production line for example, bread factory also makes crumpets
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advantages of batch production
1) production can be changed to meet customers needs or fluctuations in demand. 2) employees specialise so become good at their job. 3) lower skilled workforce means lower wages can be paid
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disadvantages of batch production
1) smaller batches carry higher unit costs. 2) workers may be less motivated with repetitive work. 3) idle time between batches needs to be managed as this is wastage
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flow production
production that is organised so the items to be made flow around the factory in a continuous process until finished. e.g. car manufacuring. large quantities made and semi skilled staff used
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advantages of flow production
average costs are lower as higher volume of items being made this means economies of scale. 2) automised and computerised production means improved quality & more complex designs can be made in shorter times. 3) no need to hold stock so can use JIT
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disadvantage of flow production
1) higher set up costs to buy factory and machinery. 2) low motivation of staff due to repetitive tasks. 3) break downs and lost items can be costly
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cell production
production items are organised into groups and then teams are set at workstations and see the product through to completion. workers with different skills at each cell
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advantages of cell production
1) staff are motivated as they see completed product. 2) minimal handling of the product reduces cost. 3) lead times are reduced. 4) less time moving from one place to another
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disadvantages of cell production
1) tension may evolve in cells or between cells due to competition. 2) huge investment in machinery for each cell
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