methods stats and computing

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  • Created by: BKW
  • Created on: 25-01-18 11:16
what assumptions do attitude questionnaires have?
1. attitudes can be expressed with verbal statements, 2. statements have the same meanings for all pps, 3. verbal attitudes can be quantified
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who introduced word association tests?
first introduced by Francis Galton and then further developed by Jung as a clinical diagnostic tool
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what are the advantages of word association tests?
quick, Ames et al 2007 found it can predict prospective drug use , Krank et al 2010 found self scoring improves validity
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what are the problems with word association tests
colloqualism, standardized procedures, implicit?
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what is an implicit test?
cognitive tasks that infer attitudes and beliefs from performance in different tasks, they often use reaction times. an example would be the implicit association test
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what are the critisisms of implicit tests?
cultural views vs beliefs and attitudes, ecological validity?
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what is a normative referencing test?
scores compared to the norm, eg by getting a sample mean
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what is criterion referencing testing?
scores are compared to a pre determined criteria, eg mean or median splits
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what is nomothetic research?
group or classes research, there are universal laws and it can predict average behaviours
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what is idiogrpahic research?
looks at the individual and is unique to that person
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who is Gordon Allport?
the founder of personality psychology and emphasised the importance of the individual, he suggested that the nomothetic approach is inadeuate
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who was Henry Molaison?
HM was looked at by Scoville and milner 1957, he had surgery on his brain to try and cure his epilepsy, this gave him anterograde amnesia and he could no longer make new memories and learn new skills however he kept his old memories and skills.
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Who is clive wearing?
has total amnesia has some memories from before his illness however cant make new ones. whenever he sees his wife he greets her like they havnt seen each other in a while, his memory only lasts 7-30 seconds however his musical ability is still intact
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what are case studies?
single case experiments that intensely study one unit or system, they provide rich detail annd are exploratory
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how many case studies did freud carry out in his interpretation of dreams 1899?
133 case studies
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what are the advantages of case studies?
they are a good source of ideas for research and spark interest, oppurtunity for innovation especially in clinical samples, its good to look at rare phenomena eg luria 1968
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what are the problems with case studies?
theyre subjective, and there are issues with cause and effect, they are also hard to generalise to others.
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what are the 2 types of stats?
descriptive and inferrential
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whats the difference between descriptive and inferrential stats?
descriptive stats describe samples of the population and they descrbe in terms of numbers, inferential stats infer the meannings from our samples and if anythin is related.
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what is between subjects design?
having 2 groups, one for one condition and one for the other, eg, some pps have grapes and some pps have pineapple
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wha is within subjects design?
using the same group of participants for both conditions. eg giving a group an iq test to do in the morning an then agan at night
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what is nominal data?
names and categories of data eg, gender
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what is ordinal data
the data is ordered but we cant assume anything more. data is ordered but the distance between categories is unknown. eg first, second and third place
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what is innterval data?
all the data points have the same intervals between them eg, the difference between 1cm and 2cm is the same as 3cm and 4cm.
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what is ratio data?
basically the same as interval data but it has a zero value. you cant have a minus value. eg you can't remember less than nothing in an IQ test. from this type of data we can retrieve ratios.
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what is an IV
independent variable, this is what we can control or manipulate eg, giving a pp a high or low dose of caffine
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what is the DV
the dependent variable, this is what we measure, this changes DEPENDING on the IV eg, you if attend all your classes this may increase your grades (the grade increasing is the dv)
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what are measures of central tendency?
mode, median, mean,
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what are measures of spread?
range, interquartile range, varience and SD
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what can we not do with data?
we cannot proveor disprove anything, it is also not possible to prove a negative (russels teapot)
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what is the mode?
the most common value or score, mostly used with nominal data, tells us nothing about the rest of the data
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what is the median?
put all the scores in order and find the mddle value, mostly used with ordinal data, focus on either 1 or 2 data points
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what is the mean?
add them all together and divide by however many there are, can be distorted by extremes
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what is the range?
subtract the lowest from the highest, effected by extreme scores
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what is the interquartile range?
the range of the middle 50% of scores, less likely to be effected by extremes
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what is the varience?
the average distance of scores from the mean, to find we subtract the mean from each score and then find the average of them, we square the numbers and work out the mean
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what are boxpots useful for
showing medians, ranges, skewness and cann compare groups
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what is normal distribution
normally distributed data shows a symetical curve on a histogram.
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what is skewness
skewess means some extreme scores are effecting the mean and when histograms show a big difference between means, medians and modes the data is most likely skewed, it can be skewed positivey or negatively
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where do histograms go in a research report?
THE APPENDIX
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what is the standard error ?
this is the standaed devation of multiple sample means to find this we compare each sample to the population mean
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what is central limity theorem?
if the sample size is large (>30) sampling distribution is likely to be normally distributed
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what is a conidence interval
using the estimate of the standard error to create acceptable boundaries where we believe the population means will fall. they are 95% confidence intervals
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what is a z score?
a probability density function that tells us how many standard deviations a score is from the mean, z scores can be positive or negative.they standardize the data so the mean = 0 and the SD=1
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what is standard error
the standard deviations of multiple sammple means
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what are confidence intervals
we use the estimate of the standard error to create acceptable boundaries where we think the population means will fall, 95%
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how can we find thee boundaries for confidence intervals
we multiply the standard errorr by 1.96
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what is a one tailed (directional) hypothesis
saying one thing positively or negatively effect the other. eg. chocolate makes you smarter
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what is a two tailed (non directional) hypothesis?
saying one thing links to another but doesnt say how , quite general
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what is the null hypothesis?
saying there is no relationship between the two varibales
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what is a correlation coefficent?
the 'r' value, it is always between -1 and +1. -1 =negative correlation, +1 = postive correlation and 0 = no correation
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when do we use spearmans
when we have ordinal dara, can be used for interval/ratio data which is NOT normally distrubted
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when do we use pearsons
when you have interval/ratio data that IS normally distributed
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what does it mean to say 'pearsons r is scale independent'
this means thaat it doesnt matter if you measure someones height in inches or cm, r will b the same as it is standardized
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what is homeoscedasticity
varience along the line of best fit should remain about equal
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if yo had a set of skewed data and non skewed data, what would you use pearsons and spearmans for?
skewed data = spearmans, non skewed (parametric) data = pearsons
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what is co varience
we cant us the square root to find a standardised co deviation, instead we use co varience to standardise scores
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what is reliability
are the measures consistent over time?
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what is validity?
does it measure what its supposed to measure?
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what is Cronbach's alpha
a test that splits all items equally in every way possible and tthen correlates all halves with the other halves
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when do we reject the experimental hypothesis and accept the null?
if the caalculated correlation coefficent is not large than the critical value. If it is not different from 0
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when do we accept the experimental hypothesis and reject the null?
when calculated correlation coefficnt is larger than the critical value. It is different than 0
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what is a P value
the probablility of an event occuring assuming chance is the cause
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what is a type 1 error?
a false positive, when we find something that isnt there and incorrectly reject the null
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what is a type 2 error?
a false negative, not finding something that is there and incorrecting accepting the null
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what is effect size?
effect size is a quantitative measure of the strength of a phenomenon.
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what is the scientific method
.initial observation . theory . hypothesis . research . research data.
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what did karl popper come up with in 1934
falsification, cant prove or disprove
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what is a true experiment?
where we manipulate the iv and observe the dv
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what is a quasi experiement?
no control over the independent variable eg gender/race
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who introduced word association tests?

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first introduced by Francis Galton and then further developed by Jung as a clinical diagnostic tool

Card 3

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what are the advantages of word association tests?

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Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

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what are the problems with word association tests

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Card 5

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what is an implicit test?

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