Memory Key Terms
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- Created by: xshriyax
- Created on: 13-05-22 10:02
Coding
The format in which information is stored in the various memory stores
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Capacity
The amount of information that can be held in a memory store
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Duration
The length of time information can be held in memory
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Short term memory
The limited capacity memory store
-Coding is mainly acoustic
-Capacity is 5-9 items on average
-Duration is about 18-30 seconds- it can be increased by verbal rehearsal
-Coding is mainly acoustic
-Capacity is 5-9 items on average
-Duration is about 18-30 seconds- it can be increased by verbal rehearsal
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Long term memory
The permanent memory store
-Coding is mainly semantic
-Capacity is unlimited
-Duration can be up to a lifetime
-Coding is mainly semantic
-Capacity is unlimited
-Duration can be up to a lifetime
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Multi-store model
- A representation of how memory works in terms of 3 stores- the sensory register, short-term memory and long-term memory.
- It describes how information if transferred from one store to another, and what makes some memories last and some disappear.
- It describes how information if transferred from one store to another, and what makes some memories last and some disappear.
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Sensory register
The memory stores for each of our 5 senses, such as vision (iconic store) and hearing (echoic store).
- Coding in the iconic sensory register is visual and in the echoic sensory register is acoustic.
- The capacity of sensory registers is huge, as there a
- Coding in the iconic sensory register is visual and in the echoic sensory register is acoustic.
- The capacity of sensory registers is huge, as there a
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Episodic memory
- A long term memory store for personal events. It includes memories of when the events occurred and of the people, objects, places and behaviours involved.
- Memories from this store have to be retrieved consciously and with effort- it is declarative
- Memories from this store have to be retrieved consciously and with effort- it is declarative
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Semantic memory
- A long term memory store for our knowledge of the world. This includes facts and our knowledge of what words and concepts mean.
- These memories also usually need to be recalled deliberately- it also declarative
- These memories also usually need to be recalled deliberately- it also declarative
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Procedural memory
- A long term memory store for our memory of how to do things. This includes our memories of learned skills.
- We usually recall these memories without making a deliberate or conscious effort- it is
non-declarative
- We usually recall these memories without making a deliberate or conscious effort- it is
non-declarative
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Working Memory Model
A representation of short-term memory. It suggests that STM is a dynamic processor of different types of information into sub-units, which are co-ordinated by a central decision making system.
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Central Executive
The component of the WMM that co-ordinates the activities of the 3 subsystems in memory.
It also allocates processing resources to those activities.
It also allocates processing resources to those activities.
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Phonological loop
- The component of the WMM that processes information in terms of sound.
- This includes both written and spoken material.
- It's divided into the phonological store and the articulatory process.
- This includes both written and spoken material.
- It's divided into the phonological store and the articulatory process.
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Visio-spatial sketchpad
The component of the WMM that processes visual and spatial information in a mental space often called our 'inner eye'.
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Episodic buffer
The component of the WMM that brings together material from other subsystems into a single memory rather than separate strands.
It also provides a bridge between working memory and long-term memory.
It also provides a bridge between working memory and long-term memory.
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Interference
Forgetting because one memory blocks another, causing one or both memories to become distorted or forgotten.
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Proactive Interference
Forgetting occurs when older memories, which are already stored, disrupt the recall of newer memories.
The degree of forgetting is greater when the memories are similar.
The degree of forgetting is greater when the memories are similar.
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Retroactive Interference
Forgetting occurs when newer memories disrupt the recall of older memories already stored.
The degree of forgetting is greater when the memories are similar.
The degree of forgetting is greater when the memories are similar.
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Retrieval Failure
This is a form of forgetting.
It occurs when we don't have the necessary cues to access memory.
The memory is available but not accessible unless a suitable cue is provided.
It occurs when we don't have the necessary cues to access memory.
The memory is available but not accessible unless a suitable cue is provided.
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Cue
A 'trigger' of information that allows us to access a memory. Such cues may be meaningful or may be indirectly linked by being encoded at the time of learning. Indirect cues may be external, for example environmental context, or internal, such as mood or
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Eyewitness Testimony
The ability of people to remember the details of events, such as accidents and crimes, which they themselves have observed.
-The accuracy of EWT can be affecting by factors such as misleading information and anxiety.
-The accuracy of EWT can be affecting by factors such as misleading information and anxiety.
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Misleading Information
Incorrect information given to an eyewitness usually after the event (hence often called 'post-event information').
-It can take many forms, such as leading questions and post-event discussion between co-witnesses and/or other people.
-It can take many forms, such as leading questions and post-event discussion between co-witnesses and/or other people.
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Leading Question
A question which, because of the way it is phrased, suggests a certain answer.
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Post-event discussion
This occurs when there is more than one witness to an event. Witnesses may discuss what they have seen with co-witnesses or with other people. This may influence the accuracy of each witness's recall of events.
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Anxiety
A state of emotional and physical arousal. The emotions include having worried thoughts and feelings of tension. Physical changes include an increased heart rate and sweatiness.
Anxiety can affect the accuracy of EWTs.
Anxiety can affect the accuracy of EWTs.
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Cognitive Interview
A method of interviewing eyewitnesses to help them retrieve more accurate memories. It uses 4 main techniques- Report everything, Reinstate the context, Reverse the order and Change perspective.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
The amount of information that can be held in a memory store
Back
Capacity
Card 3
Front
The length of time information can be held in memory
Back
Card 4
Front
The limited capacity memory store
-Coding is mainly acoustic
-Capacity is 5-9 items on average
-Duration is about 18-30 seconds- it can be increased by verbal rehearsal
-Coding is mainly acoustic
-Capacity is 5-9 items on average
-Duration is about 18-30 seconds- it can be increased by verbal rehearsal
Back
Card 5
Front
The permanent memory store
-Coding is mainly semantic
-Capacity is unlimited
-Duration can be up to a lifetime
-Coding is mainly semantic
-Capacity is unlimited
-Duration can be up to a lifetime
Back
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