Medicine through Time Unit 3

What does spontaneous generation theory mean?

The bacteria and other microbes were the product of decay rather than something that caused decay.

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Who was Louis Pasteur?

French Scientist who published Germ theory in 1878.

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What was the Germ Theory?

That microbes (or Germs) in the air cause decay.

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What was the impact of Germ Theory?

Initially little impact as it wasn’t believed but changed how we understand disease long term.

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Who was Robert Koch?

A German scientist who read Pasteur’s work and improved it.

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What is a microbe?

A bacteria or ‘germ’ that became visible through improvements in microscope technology.

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Impacts of Koch

Discovered individual microbes that caused Cholera. Came up with a new method of growing bacteria. ‘Father of Bacteriology’. Inspired others to find out more about individual microbes and how they cause disease.

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What is an anaesthetic?

Something that gives pain relief to patients so they can undergo surgery and are less likely to die from shock.

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Examples of anaesthetics

Chloroform was first used as an anaesthetic by James Simpson to knock patients out for surgery.

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What is an antiseptic?

Something that removes microbes and bacteria so that patients are less likely to get infections.

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Examples of antiseptics

Joseph Lister began the use of carbolic acid. Later instruments were steam cleaned and operating theatres scrubbed clean.

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Who was Edward Jenner?

A doctor from Gloucester, England who noticed people who had had cowpox did not get smallpox.

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What did Jenner’s work concern?

He developed the vaccination for smallpox using the cowpox virus. Initially many people were against the vaccination.

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What is a vaccination?

When you give someone a dose of a disease to make you immune from it, either a weaker version or a dead version.

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Change in care and treatment - Hospital care

Florence Nightingale inspired a change to how hospitals were laid out. They had separate wards, were kept cleaner and nurses gained much better training.

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Change in care and treatment - Surgery

Started the development of Aseptic surgery using both anaesthetic and antiseptic to make surgery safer. Antiseptic and sterilisation techniques, as well as surgeons wearing clean gowns and masks, drastically reduced death rates.

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Change in care and treatment - Surgery 2

However anaesthetic allowed the Black period of surgery as surgeons tried more complex surgeries and increased the death rate for a period until they understood the surgery’s better.

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What is cholera?

A disease that causes diarrhoea and vomiting. Often dehydrating and killing the victim.

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What did John Snow’s work discover?

That the Cholera epidemic of 1854 was based around one water pump. This showed that cholera was related to water infected by sewage.

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How was cholera prevented?

Snow removed the handle from the water pump and the epidemic ended. This proved his theory however not much happened until much later.

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The Public Health Acts - 1848

1848: First public health act aimed at improving cleanliness in cities. Aimed to set up health boards and provide clean water but was optional for councils.

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The Public Health Acts - 1875

1875: After a change in public attitude councils had to provide clean water, dispose of sewage, build public toilets, have a local health officer, clean streets, check the quality of food in shops. This was compulsory so all had to do it.

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Medicine through Time Unit 3

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