Mary I

When was Mary I most popular during her reign?

Her coronation

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Who did Mary marry?

Philip of Spain

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What were the advantages of the marriage?

Greater income (could be used to restore Catholicism); Stronger link to Catholicism; Trading agreements with HRE; Makes monarchy more popular; Succession of heirs; Military Ally

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Why were there concerns about the marriage?

There were beliefs that Philip would wield the power over England, and use it as a satellite for the Empire. Also, it may be a cause of public unrest, and a loss of English culture.

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How were the concerns about the marriage resolved?

The marriage treaty greatly limited Philip's power, ensured England held power of nobility and control over Mary.

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What was the Wyatt rebellion?

An uprising caused by Mary's plans to marry Philip I

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Where did the Wyatt Rebellion occur?

Kent (3 others planned but never carried out)

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What were the main causes of the Wyatt Rebellion?

Anti-Marriage, Anti-Religious (according to Protestants), Economic Hardship, Opportunity

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How successfully was the Wyatt Rebellion dealt with?

Successful - Mary rallied support during Guildhall Speech, stayed in London, didn't call for assistance and the plot was discovered early. Also, Wyatt only achieved one rebellion, took too long to get to London and opposition not strong enough.

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What was the reaction of the Wyatt Rebellion?

90 rebels executed, Wyatt became a martyr and Lady Jane Grey was execute, with Elizabeth also being locked in the Tower briefly.

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Was the Wyatt Rebellion a serious threat?

No - support for Mary was greater, although the extent of the rebellion was a concern. It was dealt with well.

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What were Mary's key aims at the start of her rule?

Restoration of Catholicism; The Succession; Avoid French War

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Why could Mary not reform Catholicism fully?

The Protestant refomers would be angry and could rally around Princess Elizabeth. There was a risk of rebellion from owners of ex-monastic land and Protestants.

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What was the First Statute of Repeal (1553)?

Repealed Edward's religious reforms, returned doctrine to the Act of 6 Articles, arrested Cranmer and Bishop Ridley. However, she was cautious about returning to Papacy and the Heresy Laws.

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What was the Second Statute of Repeal (1555)?

The Headship of the Pope was restored, and reforms made by Henry VIII were repealed. Also, the Heresy Laws were revived.

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Why could Mary not restore the monasteries?

She had allowed people to retain the monastic land that they had bought.

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Who was Cardinal Reginald Pole?

A devout Catholic who went into exile during Henry VIII's reign. He became Cardinal under Mary.

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Name 2 of Cardinal Pole's reforms

Twelve decrees on clerical discipline (only achieved in York due to financial limits) ; Restore church finances

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When did the burnings begin?

1555

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Give an example of a 'heretic' who was burned

John Rogers (biblical translator), Bishops Ridley and Latimer, Cranmer (he recanted all retractions in 1556)

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How successful were Mary's religious policies?

Only 7 bishops were refused their living, evidence from parishes suggests enthusiasm. However, the success was short-term as she left no Catholic heir, sacrificed the monasteries and created a general association of Catholicism with intolerance.

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Name 2 factors that hindered the Catholic Restoration

Administrative Incompetence (Propaganda not used effectively, Surveys took too long, Factional discontent between Gardiner and Paget) and Papal Issues (New pope in dispute with Philip, Edwardian bishops remained in their sees until 1554)

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How effective were the burnings?

Not effective - Victims were martyred, and there seemed to be no evidence of a strong reaction other than in London. The heretics that were released, often reoffended. The burnings were disrupted by the war with France.

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How effective was the War of Words?

Not very - it did not cultivate awe of monarchy, inspire intellectuals and failed to overcome the weight of foreign writers. Did not utilise the Printing Press.

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How successful were Mary's methods of prosecution?

Not very - Whilst burnings removed Protestants, they were often martyred. The mass exodus of over 800 protestants also removed them from England but created a community who could publish uncensored propaganda and was too rapid for Mary. V.unpopular.

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Mary I

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