a vowel sound that is the combination of two separate sound, where the speaker glides from one to another
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voicing
the act of the vocal cords either vibrating(voiced) or not vibrating(unvoiced) in the production of a consonant sound
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place of articulation
the position in the mouth where a consonant sound is produced
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manner of articulation
the extent to which airflow is interrupted by parts of the mouth in the production of consonant sounds
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syllable
a sound unit with a vowel at its centre
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accent
a regional variety of speech that differs from other regional varieties in terms of pronunciation
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accommodation
the ways that individuals adjust their speech patterns to match others
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sound iconicity
the use of the sound system to mirror form or meaning
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International Phonetic Alphabet
an internationally recognised system of phonetic transcription.
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lexis and semantics
.
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Denotative and connotational meanings
the literal (denotative) and associated (connotational) meanings of words.
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figurative language
language used in a non-literal way in order to describe something in another’s terms (e.g. simile or metaphor)
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Semantic fields
groups of words connected by a shared meaning
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Synonyms
words that have equivalent meanings
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Antonyms
words that have contrasting meanings
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Hypernyms
words whose meanings contain other words, (eg animal contains dog, cat and fish).
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Hyponyms
words that can be included in a larger, more general category (eg the hyponyms car, bus, aeroplane as a form of the hypernym transport)
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Levels of formality
vocabulary styles including slang, colloquial, taboo, formal and frozen levels
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Jargon
a technical vocabulary associated with a particular occupation or activity
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Sociolect
a language style associated with a particular social group
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Dialect
a language style associated with a particular geographical region
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Neology
the process of new word formation, including the following: blends, compounds, acronyms, initialisms, eponyms
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Semantic change
the process of words changing meaning, including the following: narrowing, broadening, amelioration, pejoration, semantic reclamation
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pragmatics
.
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Implicature
an implied meaning that has to be inferred as a result of a conversational maxim being broken
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Inference
the understanding of implied meanings
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Irony
using language to signal an attitude other than what has been literally expressed
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Deixis
words that are context-bound where meaning depends on who is using them, and where and when they are being used
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Speech acts
communicative acts that carry meaning beyond the words and phrases used within them, for example, apologies and promises
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Politeness
the awareness of others’ needs to be approved of and liked (positive politeness) and/or given freedom to express their own identity and choices (negative politeness)
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Face
the concept of how all communication relies on presenting a ‘face’ to listeners and audiences, and how face-threatening acts (the threat to either positive or negative face)
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Cooperative principles in coverstation
how interaction is generally based upon various kinds of cooperative behaviour between speakers
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