Key words: rocks 3.0 / 5 based on 1 rating ? GeographyRock landscapes and processesGCSEAQA Created by: SamCreated on: 22-03-13 23:21 Geological timescale the period of geological time since life became abundant 542 million years ago, which geologists have divided into eras and periods. 1 of 42 Crust the outer layer of the earth 2 of 42 Igneous rocks rocks formed from the cooling of molten magma 3 of 42 Sedimentary rocks most commonly, rocks formed from the accumulation of sediment on the sea floor 4 of 42 Metamorphic rocks rocks that have undergone a change in their chemistry and texture as a result of heating and/or pressure 5 of 42 Rock cycle connections between the three rock types shown in the form of a diagram 6 of 42 Weathering the break up or decay of rocks in their original place at or close to the earth's surface 7 of 42 Mechanical weathering weathering that does not involve chemical change 8 of 42 Scree deposits of angular rock fragments found at the foot of rock outcrops 9 of 42 Chemical weathering weathering that involves a chemical change taking place 10 of 42 Biological weathering weathering caused by living organisms such as tree roots or burrowing animals 11 of 42 Freeze-thaw weathering weathering involving repeated cycles of freezing and thawing 12 of 42 Pores holes in rock 13 of 42 Exfoliation flaking of the outer surface of rocks mainly caused by repeated cycles of hot and cold 14 of 42 Solution dissolving of rocks or minerals by rainwater 15 of 42 Carbonation weathering of limestone and chalk by acidic rainwater 16 of 42 Batholith a huge irregular-shaped mass of intrusive igneous rock that only reaches the ground surface when the overlying rocks are removed 17 of 42 Joints cracks that may run vertically or horizontally through rock 18 of 42 Impermeable rock a rock that does not allow water to pass through it 19 of 42 Tor an isolated outcrop of rock on a hilltop, typically found in granite landscapes 20 of 42 Mass movement the downhill movement of material under the influence of gravity 21 of 42 Cliff a steep vertical face of rock at the coast 22 of 42 Permeable rock a rock that allows water to pass through it 23 of 42 Water table the upper surface of underground water 24 of 42 Spring water re-emerging from the rock onto the ground surface. Springs often occur as a line of springs (springline) at the base of a scarp slope. 25 of 42 Vale in the landscape, a flat plain typically formed on clay 26 of 42 Escarpment/cuesta an outcrop of chalk comprising a steep scarp slope and a more gentle dip slope 27 of 42 Dry valley a valley formed by a river during a wetter period in the past but now without a river 28 of 42 Gorge steep-sided deep valley that may be formed by cavern collapse 29 of 42 Limestone pavement a bare rocky surface, with distinctive blocks (clints) and enlarged joints (grikes) 30 of 42 Swallow hole an enlarged joint into which water falls 31 of 42 Cavern a large underground cave 32 of 42 Resurgence a stream that emerges from underground 33 of 42 Stalactite an icicle-like calcite feature hanging down from a cavern roof 34 of 42 Stalagmite a stumpy calcite feature on a cavern floor 35 of 42 Pillar a calcite feature stretching from floor to ceiling in a cavern 36 of 42 Curtain a broad deposit of calcite usually formed when water emerges along a crack in a cavern 37 of 42 Cement mortar used in buildings, made from crushed limestone and shale 38 of 42 Syncline the lower arc of the fold in fold mountains 39 of 42 Aquifer an underground reservoir of water stored in pores and/or joints in a rock e.g chalk 40 of 42 Aggregate crushed stone made from tough rocks such as limestone, used in the construction industry and in road building 41 of 42 Quarry restoration restoring or improving the environmental quality of a quarry, either during its operation or afterwards 42 of 42
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