Joan of Arc

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  • Created by: Heather
  • Created on: 19-01-18 02:28
By 1990, how many literary, historicla, musical, graphic and cinematic works had been produced about Joan of arc?
More than 15,000
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Why is she most debated?
One of the most famous figures
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In the modern era, what symbolism has she adopted?
Symbol of nationalism and common people
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As a historian, what must we do?
We must cut through the accretions of the centuries and see if we can come to a judgement abut who and what Joan was
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What did her supporters call her?
La Pucelle or Maid
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What did her enemies call her?
Witch and a whore,
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What perplexing questions does it raise about her?
questions about the responsibility to understand significance of Joan in her own time
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How did Taylor depict Joan in contraries?
Presented as a saint but also a victim of the medieval church, a challenger os social order vs defender of the monarchy, role model of inspiration vs fraud and madwoman
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Hw did Kelly present Joan of arc?
A saint, heretic, religious zealot, seet demented teenager, protofeminsit, aristocratic, wanna-be, saviour of France, marxist liberator, 'Turner of the tides"
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However why does she criticise Taylor?
For their few word about Joan's capabilities as a military leader, despite this being the central reason for her fame,
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What approach does Maddox go for?
A simpler approach
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How does he present Joan of Arc?
A girl who led an army and was burned at the stake- Has been the subject of art and poetry since 15th C
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However, what does Maddox emphasise about popular vs historical?
Popular notions of Joan of Arc don't always conform to historical facts
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What does Taylor also suggest about simplicity?
Emphasises she came from a peasant family
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However, who refutes this and why?
maddox, -While she is depicted in art as living in poverty, her father wasn't a poor man. He was the vilage spokesman so knew about political situation,
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At what age did Joan begin hearing voices?
13
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What was she determined God was sayin to her?
That she needed to save France by expelling its enemies and installing Charles as its rightful King,
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As part of this divine mission, what vow did she take?
A vow of chastity
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When did Joan chop her hair and dress in men's clothes?
may 1428, when she went to visit Charles
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What did Joan promise Charles?
She would see him crowned King at Reims
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What did she ask of charles?
Asked him to give her an army to lead to Orleans, which was under siege from the English,
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What did she have to do to get Charles to accept this?
Complete a virginity test, which she passsed
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When did she set off for Orelans? What imagery?
march 1429, -Dressed in whtie armor and riding a white horse,
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What action from officers did Joan refuse due to the voices telling her victory would occur?
officers reluctant to attack Englihs wanted to retreat,
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Did Joan lead the army? An example?
Yes- She led her soldiers against the best fortified and best armed fortress - The Tourelles
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Was this successful?
Yes she prevaailed with little loss of life
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From Orleans where did Joan go?
She moved against various towns,
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When was the dauphin crowned King Charles VII of France?
July 1429
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Who sugested this was the high point of her career?
Taylor
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While she attempted to take Paris, what happened?
She was captured in April 1430 by Burgundians and delivered to English, May 30th- Burnt as heretic,
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What do military historians argue about her role militarily?
Reluctant to say she played a crucial role in the process that culminated in the final defeat and expulsion of English forces from France,
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Many sought to copy her standard. However, who were less willing to accept her leadership?
Leaders of French forces
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Who did she harshly rebuke when he defended a near disastrous strategy for Orleans? What did Joan reply?
******* of Orleans, -In the name of God, the counsel of our Lrod God is surer and wiser than yours'
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Did bickering among soldiers effect soldiers loyalty?
Didn't seem to have influence the French soldiers loyalty
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Why did this even help her inspire loyalty?
She promised victory and action and brought them this while older generals achieved little
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Did the leader's views change on Joan?
Yes later they agreed and admired her
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Who described Joan as being an expert in the condict of war?
Simon Charles
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How did Pope Pius II describe her military abilites?
"the woman was made the leader of war!
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Although, did she kill?
She refused to use her sword in battle or shed blood, preferring to carry her standard again
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What was Jean d'Aulons explanation?
Unable to suffer sight of spilled blood
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For religious aspect, what does Taylor suggest Joan was in terms of uniqueness?
She was a visionary and holy woman who claimed to be guided by God- Not unique as numberous individuals such as Margery Kempe,
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However, who suggests this religiousness was the key source behind her mens support?
Kelly
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How did Joan inspire loyalty if not terrestrial possessions?
Religious possiblilities, even salvation.
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However, what does Taylor concede about her extraordinaryness?
She wasn't a unqiue visionary but a young peasant girl who not only gained access to the King but also persuaded him to entrust her with a position in the army
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Although what does Maddox suggest about the army and the area she lived?
For the area she lived, it wasn't unusal for her to go to war as she grew up with burgundy raiders
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For contemporary views, what did the English author Btur comment on Joan and her inspiration of loyalty?
Believes it was because Joan kept her soliders in line by her "crafte of sorcerie"
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Who claiemd "all who disobeyed her should be killed without mercy"
The Bourgeois of Paris
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How did the King's squire describe her loyal men?
£everyoen followed her"
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While her French contemporaries claimed she came from God, did her enemies agree?
No-Said she was sent by the Devil,
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What links did she have to women in the Old Testament?
Links to Esther or Judith- Spiritual woemn who broguht their people relief because they followed messages from God,
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Was she religious in terms of prayer?
Yes- Attended confession often, devoted hersefl to prayer and heard mas every day
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Was she charitable?
To all, depsite being poor and destittue,
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Did she transfer these views to the men?
Yes She wouldn't allow gambling, looting, even for food, blasphemy and abhorred prostitutes
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Fpr her military miracles, what is a miracle based on passing enemies?
They passed through almost all of enemy held Burgundy on route to the King without hindrance
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What is another miracle based on Orelans?
Raised seige of the town of Orleans and conveyed to the King he would be coronated, like she said,
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What is another miracle based on ships and wind?
When wnds needed to change to allow ships to carry provisions into Orelans, they changed when she said,
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What town fell like Joan predicted?
Troyes
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For gender, were these remarkable accomplishments?
She overcame significant cultural and social prejudices so yes
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Why was this particularly difficult to accomplish based on society and men?
Medeival soviety valued men more highly than woman
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As a holy woman and a virgin, what right did Joan assert?
Her rigth to self determination and escape normal roles that female should take up,
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Other than being a woman, what other restrictions did she have?
Her social status as a peasant
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How di dJoan directly usurp male roles?
By acting as a warrior and symbolically wearing men's clothes
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What name was central to her gendered identity and it meant what?
Pucelle- 12th C meaning of young female virgin,
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What was pucelle a celebration of?
Joan's youth and virginity, and in the process constructed a different empowering identity for her,
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Was her virginity important?
Yes- Use to justify defiance of male authority- Raised her to status of man, freed from weakness of flesh
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How did she do more than overcome negative and imiting female roles?
She also accessed masculine roles that were normally closed off to females, even holy women- warrior,
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