Medieval Gender

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  • Created by: joannaba
  • Created on: 15-05-17 17:24
What does Shahar say about the law?
'Status in law generally matched the reality'
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'Status in law generally matched the reality'
Shahar = law
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Women's status in law was far more complex and there was a fundamental gap between the law and practice
Hilton on Law
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Hilton on Law
Women's status in law was far more complex and there was a fundamental gap between the law and inheritence
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Which inheritance patterns were there?
Primogeniture and partiable inheritence
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amount of widows landownership and historian
Hilton - Ombersley - 15th CE 1 in 7 tenants was a widow
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Court source of women being active labour participants?
1420 Ombersley rolls - attack on family - daughter was harrowing and they stole the horse being used
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What demographic fact makes inheritence more complicated?
20-25% of households didn't have a surviving male heir
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Who else did primogenture discriminate against (and historian)
It discriminated against children too - Searle writes that 'primogeniture had defeated the claim of male and female siblings alike by the 15th CE'
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COMPLEX NATURE of wills and gendered implications?
Out of wills in Bedfordshire in late 15th Ce and 16th CE ( Hilton) - 14% had only daughters as heirs and only 9% specified athat the bequest was for marriage
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Hanawalt and gendered crimes?
Homicide = men accused of 92.7% and women of 5.4%, acquital rates of women in gaol delivery 83.7% of women were acquited and 70.3% of men were. Women were involved in crimes related to foodstuffs.
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How was **** against women defined?
Often about taking something from the woman - transgression against property - 'he took from her her maidenhood'
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Who argued that women couldn't commit violent crimes?
Luke Owen Pike - gun - murder weapons were too heavy
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Historians comment on the desription of husband/father?
Bennet it was important to 'specify under whose authority a woman was at any time'
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Women's participation in revolts and husbands?
30 women on the pardons that Frederico found - 5 of which were listed as the wife off but the pardon wasn't for htem both
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Individual women in revolt?
Agnes - Romsley Rebellion 1386 procurer and maintainer of the rebels
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Law systems?
Manorial (custom) and common law
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Three crimes that only women were charged for?
Leywirte - sex out of marriage, childwyte - child out of wedlock and prostitution
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Who says gender > class?
Shahar - 4th estate 'women are almost always categorised seperately'
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what could a woman accuse someone off?
Killing husband, **** and killing child
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Who argues class and gender was more complex? With EXAMPLES
Hilton - both men and women had restrictions on freedom - e.g. John Cayn Sedgebarrow 1372 - widow controversey and 14th CE ale-tasters who were female
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Manor with control over marriage and dates?
Horseham St Faith - 1284-1290 - peasants told to marry - could be fined 12 days of wages - many still married but accepted the charge
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Who argues that class and gender were intertwined? and example?
Frederici - Caliban and the witch = Caliban = proletariat body - witch had to be destroyed - need to 'transcend the dichotomy between gender and class as gender is a specification of class relations' - Piers Ploughman 14th CE w/ both genders plough
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Who argues that women's life experiences were insanely diverse and quote and example?
Kathleen Casey - women's situations are 'as elusive as the cheshire cat' e.g.g Perette de la Riviere showing women could fight - nothing odd about Joan of Arc
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Who argues golden years and stuff?
Eileen Power 'rough and ready equality' in these years
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Who argues that women's rights in industry came from class?
Kowalskii -rigths given to widows in guilds after master died was a reflection of 'elite social privileges not an endorsement of women's role'
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Who argued that noble women had a role to play but were subordinated publically to husband? EXAMPLE
Rosenthal - wife could set policy but this had to be her husbands - she was 'but a loyal lieutenant or counsellor' e.g. noble women defending places like Margaret Paston 15th Ce - Duke of Suffolk - wrote to her husband (1465) but he already knew that
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Who argued that noble women's rights depended on husband?
Helen Maurer 'female empowerment depended explicitely or implicitely on male authorisation' e.g. Margaret of Anjou and The City of Ladies 1405
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Different requirements for different noble women?
The City of Ladies - Christine Treasure - baroness needed 'the heart of a man...how to launch an attack or how to defend against one' but queens = intercessor/intermediatry. Eleanor Acquataine
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Women weren't in revolts?
Cohn - 'in all of the lists of insurgents' after 1381 'not a single female appears'
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Hanawalt revolts quote
'women rioted but only in bread riots' - contradicts herself w/ acquital records?
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Frederico and revolts - 3 pieces of evidence?
'horizon of possibility' - 30 women in partdon rolls, 5 of whom were married but it wasn't a pardon for them both - Agnes Romsley rebellion - Gower - 'incited a thousand to general wickedness' - Agnes 1486
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Example of women being violent in revotls
Bruges revolt 1299-1302 - women were worse than the men and 'sliced [them] to pieces like little tuny fish'
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Women and work - Hanawalt
gendered spheres - 'in rural areas the women's sphere was the house, while the man's was primarily the field' and women left the house 'in connection with their domestic duties'
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who criticeses Hanawalt's private sphere?
Bennet - medieval life was intensely private and its a false dichotomy
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Who comprehensively criticises Hanwalat?
Goldberg - accidental death may not reflect everyday reality e.g. half of the agricultural deaths were in carting but only 1 person died milking
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Women in gilds and city work?
Kowalskii - rights given to widows in gilds reflected privilege, women in exeter femme sole but 7% less likely to be granted an extension in courts
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Who argues women's status was better then than in capitalist europe?
Alice Clark 'women were more economically valued and independent in preindustrial, precapitalist Europe than they were afterwards' - How the goodwyfe - told daughter to control spending
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Necesary for women to help around the house?
Olwen Hufton - economy of makeshift e.g. gleaning, booke of husbandry 'in time of need' women should help and Piers Ploughman text
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How concrete was brewing as identity?
Bennet - useful seconary activity but they were a wife first
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Who argues women's rights didn't improve after the Black Death?
Mate
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Who argued that both men and women rights increased proportionally?
Hilton
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Historians for sexuality and transvesticism?
Karras, performative gender, Bullough - female cross dressing and Brown for lesbian sexuality
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IMPORTANT HISTORIAN ON FEMALE CROSS DRESSING
cross dressing became bad on grounds like warfare 'such competition represented not a gain in the status of women but a loss of status for men'
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What were people's attitudes to lesbian sexuality?
It was phallocentric - e.g. problem if there was an object -female sperm was weaker - no lesbians in dante's inferno
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Good cross dressing?
For spiritual clenliness - Pelagia/Margarito prostitute and MargaritaPelagius - fled nuptial chamber, accused of getting someone preggers and beareded saints Wilgefortis
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Bad crossdressing?
Joan of Arc Bullough superficially 'simple crossdressing' was downfall = diff intentions, Brown lesbian partners who took on male guises were punished worse e.g. Antonio Gomez 15th CE jurist recommended burning for them
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Lesbian trial records?
v. few e.g. brown cites 4 in france, but 13th CE bans on nuns in dormitory and lights
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Prostitution in medieval Europe
Brundage/Karras/Rossiaurd
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Religious figure to quote on prostitution?
Saint Jerome - a whore 'is one who is available for the lust of many men'
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English contemporary text to discuss prostititution
Fascilouis Morum - 'women who give themselves to anyone'
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poignant quote on what made someone a prostitute
Brundage 'promiscuity was the controlling factor in determining who was a prostitute'
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Case study of prostitution as a determining part of identity
Jeannette Pingeon - 15th CE servent girl - gang ***** 'semi-legitimate' due to prostitution at 15 'two years of irreproachable conduct were not enough to win back her honour'
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Women who were promiscuous were prostitutes e.g.
Karras = someone who was a priests long term partner could be accused of being a whore e.g. Rector of St Olaves in Southwark was called " a common whore"
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Lack of legal justification/standing for prostitutes
In Mantua it was found that after a prostitute had house broken into and attempted **** he couldn't be charged as he was one of her clients
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Gendered treatemnt of prostitution -
Brundage goes against female virtues - judged more harshly
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Need to distinguish betwteen prostitutes and other members?
red striped hoods and expelled from some cities.
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Joint tenure. This gives considerable rights to married women as husbands are not allowed to alienate land without their wife’s approval. Wives also traded separately from their husbands in land, acting in their own name.
Heacham
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Heacham women with rights in land
Joint tenure. This gives considerable rights to married women as husbands are not allowed to alienate land without their wife’s approval. Wives also traded separately from their husbands in land, acting in their own name.
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Example of women in various trades
Book of Trades (13th Century Paris) Women can be seen to be engaged in 86/100 occupations.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

'Status in law generally matched the reality'

Back

Shahar = law

Card 3

Front

Women's status in law was far more complex and there was a fundamental gap between the law and practice

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Hilton on Law

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Which inheritance patterns were there?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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