Development of intelligence and major theories

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  • Created by: JemD
  • Created on: 19-01-24 16:16
what are the eight features of the intelligence definition?
reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly and learn from experience
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Who created definition 1 of intelligence and in what year?
Gottfredson 1997
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what is the second definition of intelligence?
what is measured in an intelligence test
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Who believed that higher intelligence is caused by hereditary superior qualities?
Francis Galton
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What year was Francis Galton theorizing?
1869
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Name Galton's two central hypotheses
there are individual differences in intelligence, its possible to measure intelligence directly
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How did Galton measure intelligence?
reaction time, keenness of sight and hearing, ability to distinguish between colors
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What was Francis Galton's Theory
higher intelligence is caused by hereditary superior qualities
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What did Alfred Binet do and when?
Created the Binet-Simon Scale in 1905
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Who created the Binet-Simon Scale in 1905?
Alfred Binet
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What did the Binet-Simon Scale aim to do?
Identify children who may need special education
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What did the test involve?
30 tasks related to everyday life
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Name 3 of the 5 examples of what was involved in the Binet-Simon Scale
following light with eyes, naming body parts, counting coins, recalling digits, filling in missing words
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What did the Binet-Simon Scale determine?
mental age
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What did William Stern develop?
idea of an intelligence Quotient (IQ)
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when did William Stern develop the Intelligence Quotient (IQ)?
1912
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How did Stern calculate IQ?
mental age was fairly proportional to children's real age so he calculated IQ as mental age/chronological age x 100
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What did Lewis Terman do in 1916?
Revised the Binet-Simon Scale and developed the Stanford-Binet Scale
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Who Developed the Stanford-Binet Scale and in what year?
Lewis Terman 1916
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Who did Terman test and why was this useful?
1000 children, which was more than Binet and presented far more accurate information on how children typically scored on intelligence tests
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What was Charles Spearman the first to do?
First to use factor analysis techniques in differential psychology
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what did Charles Spearman find between 1904 and 1921?
Found positive correlations between intelligence tests which he called the "positive manifold"
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who was the first to sue factor analysis techniques in differential psychology?
Charles Spearman
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Based on the idea of a positive manifold, what did Spearman propose?
general intelligence 'g' - which he believed was underlying all the positive correlations
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Who developed the two-factor theory?
Charles Spearman
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What are the two factors highlighted in the two-factor theory?
General Intelligence 'g' and Specific abilities 's'
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Define Spearman's 'general intelligence'
mental energy required to perform well on intelligence tests
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Define Spearman's 'specific abilities'
specific types of intelligence needed to perform well on each individual task
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give examples of Spearman's 'specific abilities'
vocabulary intelligence, mathematical intelligence, spatial intelligence
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What did Spearman's two-factor theory lead to?
the development of more rigorous intelligence tests that could be used across the population
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What was one of the tests developed, resulting from Spearman's two-factor theory?
Wechsler tests
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Who developed the Wechsler tests?
David Wechsler
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what were the three Wechsler tests in chronological order?
Wechsler-Bellevue Scale (1939), Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS; 1955), Wechsler Scale for Children (WISC;1955)
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When was the Wechsler-Bellevue scale developed?
1939
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When was the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) developed?
1955
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When was the Wechsler Scale for children (WISC) developed?
1955
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What was one of the norms that Wechsler identified across different age groups?
Deviation IQ (1939)
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How is deviation IQ calculated?
actual test score/expected score for that age * 100
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Once deviation IQ was calculated, what happened to the scores?
they were transformed and standardized so that the mean is 100 and the SD is 15, creating a normal distribution of IQ scores.
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What did John C. Raven Develop in 1938?
Raven's Progressive Matrices
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Who developed Raven's Progressive Matrices and when?
John C. Raven 1938
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What are the features of Raven's Progressive Matrices?
1. They measure the abstract ability to see the relationships between objects, events and information and draw inferences from those relationships. 2. Overall IQ score is based on individual's deviation from standardized norms. 3. free of cultural influen
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Which theory was developed by Louis Leon Thurstone in 1938?
The theory of primary mental abilities (first multi-factor theory)
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what are the primary mental abilities featured in the Theory of Primary Mental Abilities that all contribute to 'g'?
perceptual speed, associative memory, spatial visualizations, number, verbal comprehension, reasoning, word fluency
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What theory did Raymond Cattell develop and when?
Fluid vs Crystallized intelligence 1963
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What is the main hypothesis of fluid vs crystallized intelligence?
'g' is split into crystallized intelligence 'Gc' and Fluid intelligence 'Gf'
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Define crystallized and fluid intelligence
Gc is acquired knowledge and skills, Gf is the ability of abstract reasoning
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Which intelligence tests measure crystallized/fluid intelligence?
WAIS measures both whilst Raven's Progressive Matrices measure fluid intelligence
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What hierarchical theory did John Carroll develop and when?
The three-stratum theory 1993
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Explain the three stratums involved in three-stratum theory
Stratum III = general intelligence 'g', Stratum II = broad factors, Stratum I = specific abilities.
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How are the skills within each stratum decided by John Carroll?
systematic organization and integration of 50 years of research on the structure of human cognitive abilities.
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Give an example from each stratum of John Carroll's three-stratum theory
Stratum III: General intelligence 'g'. Stratum II: Gf, Gc, Processing speed, Broad Auditory Perception, Broad Visual Perception. Stratum I: specific aspects of each broad factor
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What is CHC theory?
Cattel-Horn-Carrol theory
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Who developed Cattel-Horn-Carrol theory?
Cattel, Horn, Carrol and Richard W. Woodcock
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what is involved in CHC theory?
a further integration of existing theories with practicalities of psychometric testing in mind
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What was developed from CHC theory?
Woodcock-Johnson Psychoeducational Battery
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Who created definition 1 of intelligence and in what year?

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Gottfredson 1997

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what is the second definition of intelligence?

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Who believed that higher intelligence is caused by hereditary superior qualities?

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What year was Francis Galton theorizing?

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