Intelligence & Reasoning (W24,25)

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  • Intelligence
    • Theories of Intellegence
      • Spearman's two factor theory: General intelligence and specific intellectual ability.
        • Spearman & Pearson : Factor Analysis
      • WAUS Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale: 11 subtests eg: comprehension
      • Sternbergs Triarchic theory of intelligence: componential intelligence (analytical), experiential intelligence (new ideas), contextual intelligence.
      • Garners Multiple Intelligences: linguistic, musical, logical, spatial, kinaesthetic,personal intelligence
    • Sex Differences
      • Spatial ability: men better
      • Visuospatial : women better
      • Approaches to intelligence
        • Evolutionary: men are better at spatial cognition as they are hunters and navigators
          • Spatial ability: men better
        • Psychosocial: Sex differences are learnt through experience or imitation
        • Biological: hormone regulation and brain organisation causes differences between sexes
        • Cognitive: attention put on certain intelligences
    • Approaches to intelligence
      • Evolutionary: men are better at spatial cognition as they are hunters and navigators
        • Psychosocial: Sex differences are learnt through experience or imitation
        • Biological: hormone regulation and brain organisation causes differences between sexes
        • Cognitive: attention put on certain intelligences
      • Early intelligence tests
        • Modern Intelligence tests
          • Stanford Binet Scale: various tasks to result in a mental age
          • Wechsler Adult Intelligence scale: WAIS-III current version: vocab, arithmetic, block design comprehension, object assembly
          • Verbal IQ and Performance IQ
            • Wechsler Adult Intelligence scale: WAIS-III current version: vocab, arithmetic, block design comprehension, object assembly
            • Nutrition
            • Heriditry
            • Ageing
              • Dementia
      • Thinking
        • Classifying
          • Formal Concepts: defined listing essential characteristics
        • Deductive Reasoning: Getting rid of info...  inferring instances from general principles / rules
          • Inductive Reasoning: Gaining info... inferring principles / rules from specific facts.
        • Mental Models- mental constructions based on physical reality.
        • Confirmation Bias: people seek answers that support their own pre-hypothesis
          • Sure thing principle: If you prefer a to b in one state, you should in all.
            • Probability heuristic: similar to confirmation bias but ignores facts, simply guided by own thoughts.
      • Problem Solving
        • Spatial Metaphor: thinking of the problem as finding a path to a solution. if we have experience, we may find shortcuts.
        • Occurs in frontal lobes
          • Somatic marker hypothesis: involve automatic, endocrine and musculoskeletal routes
        • Reasoning
          • Prefrontal cortex & parietal lobe

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