Implicit and Explicit theories of intelligence and educational influences on intelligence

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  • Created by: Caitlinl
  • Created on: 20-05-17 11:07
What are explicit theories of intelligence?
Scientific constructs based on data collection
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What does explicit theories of intelligence do?
Evaluate existing theories; examine cross-cultural aspects of intelligence; based on psychometric tests
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Are explicit theories of intelligence valid and reliable?
Yes
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Do explicit theories of intelligence use the same tests to measure different abilities?
No - multiple
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What examples of explicit theories of intelligence tests?
Visual, verbal, spatial, auditory etc
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What are implicit theories of intelligence?
Based on non-scientific constructs - set of beliefs/opinions
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What do implicit theories of intelligence do?
Influence perceptions and evaluation of self and others; influence attitudes/behaviour towards self/others and affect decision-making and actions
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What did Sternberg (1981) have to say about implicit theories of intelligence?
Asked people to describe intelligence and asked others to rate importance; 3 broad types of intelligence: practical problem solving, verbal ability and social competance
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Is intelligence fixed or malleable?
Malleable - choose to take remedial action (teachers who choose to employ these strategies can influence their students
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What did Carol Dweck have to say about fixed or malleable intelligence?
Not specific to intelligence but helps us understand attribution and motivation - help explain why people consistently perform better across intelligence tests (believe you'll do bad and you will)
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What are the western views on implicit theories of intelligence?
Cognitive skills refer to the individual
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What are the eastern views on implicit theories of intelligence?
Spiritual, social, familial, moral and historic development
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How are the chinese influenced in their intelligence?
Influenced by Confucian and Taoist traditions
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What are Taoist traditons?
Humanity and freedom from conventions, judgement understanding of the self
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What are the 5 factors of intelligence found amongst Taiwanese participants (From Yang and Sternberg, 1997) what was influenced by Taoist and Confucian traditions?
Interpersonal intelligence, intrapersonal intelligence, intellectual self-assertion and intellectual self-effacement
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What is G?
General mental ability across all IQ tasks: influences cognitive abilities
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What is g?
Specific abilities which also contribute to performance on individual tasks
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What did Spearman (1904) do?
Tests of different abilities show possible correlations - shows how g can explain an important part of individual differences in performance
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What is Thorndike (1927; Thompson, 1957) sampling view?
G does not exist as a psychological/biological concept, IQ tests have overlapping processes; correlates due to the same processes (more complex tasks more likely to correlate); can't accurately measure basic processes effectively
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What does Thorndike (1927; Thompson, 1957) sampling view have difficulty explaining?
Strong correlation between very different tasks; weak correlation between similar tasks; brain damage can lead to specific, but not general deficits; High correlations between G tests that assess a restricted number of processes
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What are Thorndike's 7 factors?
Associative memory; Mathematical ability; perceptual speed; reasoning; spatial visualisation; verbal comprehension and word fluency
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What is fluid intelligence?
Ability to solve novel problems and adapt in novel environments
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What are the features of fluid intelligence?
Mainly hereditary/biologically based; culture independent; sensitive to brain damage/ageing; sensitive to normal fluctuations in physiology; peaks in early life (18-22) then drifts off; cannot be trained
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What is crystallised intelligence?
Involves the application of formal knowledge (facts and skills)
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What are the features of crystallised intelligence?
Environment and experience dependent; improves over time, peaks at middle age; sensitive to motivation, practice and exercise; can be trained (Johnson, 2007)
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Does mutualism exist as a psychological/biological concept?
No
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What are the features of mutualism?
Ability at the beginning of life are independent, but mutually influence one another; processes and abilities benefit each other
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What are the benefits of mutualism?
Higher short term memory and can develop more efficient information processing strategies and more information processing to higher capacity
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What are the WAIS test of fluid intelligence?
Digit span; matrix reasoning/ pattern completion; pattern creation and similarities
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What are the WAIS test of crystallised intelligence?
General knowledge; vocab; arithmetic and similarities
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What are the hierarchical models?
Used factor analysis to examine the difference among individuals
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What are the features of hierarchical models?
Identify different layers of specialisation (very general to very specific); differ in definition of factors, number of factors and number of layers
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What is Vernon's Hierarchical Theory (1950)?
Accepted existence of g; 2 broad factors distinguished: Verbal/educational and perceptual/mechanical
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What are the minor factors in Vernon's Hierarchical Theory (1950)?
GF and memory absent as separate factors, but considered to contribute
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What did Johnson (2007) add to Vernon's Hierarchical Theory (1950)?
Image rotation
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What did Cattell and Horn-Carroll do to Vernon's Hierarchical Theory (1950)?
Revised the original GF and GC theory by adding more broad factors
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What are the features of Cattell and Horn-Carroll's new theory?
Does not contain G, involves 16 broad factors, new factors emerge: Olfactory, tactile abilities, reading and writing and domain specific knowledge
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What are the alternative theories of intelligence?
Consider psychometric approaches restricted and biased (too much emphasis on scholastic abilities)
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What are the criticisms with alternative theories of intelligence?
Issues with construct validity - challenge concept of intelligence; not accepting the notion of general intelligence; some aspects lack empirical support
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What are Gardner's multiple intelligences?
A central factor of intelligence cannot explain the modularity of the mind (people with savant syndrome/specific talents or people with some circumscribed deficits)
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What are the features of Gardner's multiple intelligences?
Intelligence is a much wider concept than what is measured by psychometric tests
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What do psychometric tests focus on?
Verbal/mathematical/analytical ability (school based tasks)
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What should psychometric tests focus on?
Development of cognitive capacities in neurotypical individuals; breakdown of cognitive capacities under different types of organic pathology; existence in special populations (autistic/learning disabled)
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Are all forms of intelligence equally valued across cultures?
No
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Does intelligence reside in the same part of the brain?
No different types - independent, but they all interact
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What are some criticisms of Gardner's multiple intelligences?
Not provided empirical support for multiple intelligences; not strong psychological/neuropsychological support; Attempts to test Multiple intelligences found a strong inter-correlation between intelligences and G
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What is Sternberg's Triarchic Theory?
Practical intelligence (contextual) and analytic intelligence (componential) and create intelligence (experimental)
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What is practical intelligence?
Interacting with the environment
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What is adaptation intelligence?
Thought processes/behaviour allows for successful integration
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What is shaping in relation to intelligence?
Thought processes/behaviour allows to change environment
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What does Sternberg's Triarchic Theory involve?
Involves the acquisition and use of tacit knowledge; action oriented knowledge (know-how) to achieve goals; Not explicitly taught - can be used to measure practical intelligence; domain specific (Predictive of success)
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Analytical intelligence problems
Formulated by others; clearly defined; Contain all information required; have only 1 solution; not part of everyday life; little intrinsic interest
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Practical intelligence problems
Problem recognition & formulation; poorly defined; require information seeking; may have multiple solutions; part of everyday experience; require personal interest
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What is creative intelligence?
Ability to interact with the environment in relation to past experience
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What are the features of creative intelligence?
Involves producing novel responses and solutions; divergent; a trait (creative thinking and dimensions);
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Creative intelligence as a trait:
Originality of ideas; fluency/number of ideas; flexibility/different forms of ideas
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How can creative intelligence as a mix of different components?
This is confluence (knowledge, open mind, motivation and determination)
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Is emotion involved in intelligence tests?
Emotion is absent from theories and tests of intelligence
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What are the features of emotional intelligence?
Physiological responses (happiness, sadness etc); cognitions (evaluating physiological responses)
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How is emotion related to decision making?
Emotion central to decision making - thinking about self and others; influencing behaviour; similar to intelligence
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Is emotional intelligence seen as important to the work place?
Yes, it is concerned with applied focus and essential leadership quality
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What are the criticisms for emotional intelligence?
Existence & utility in doubt; no strong scientific evidence; can be explained as a combination of intelligence and personality- don't need a separate construct
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What is the mixed model of emotional intelligence?
Emotional competancy combined with emotional intelligence & personality (Coleman, 2002)
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What are the features of the mixed model of emotional intelligence?
Self-awareness, self-management; social awareness and social management
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Does education correlate with IQ scores?
Yes, highly
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Why is this?
Seen as both a cause and effect; brighter students stay in education longer and education makes you smarter
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How does school attendance influence intelligence?
Attendance is better than non-attendance; regular attendance is better than intermittent attendance
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What can affect schooling and intelligence?
The effect of delayed onset of schooling; effects of the summer holidays for low income students and the effects of the early termination of schooling
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How does schooling help crystallised knowledge?
Improves factual knowledge & vocab
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How do schooling abilities contribute to intelligence?
Problem-solving, abstract thinking; categorisation; sustained attention; manipulation of symbols and operations
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Is education related to SES?
Yes, it is a mediating factor - higher SES families can provide more resources and can better prepare a child for school
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What is the Headstart Project?
Short-lived gains in IQ, tails off after a while, but low drop out rate and more likely to continue into HE
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What is the Abecedarian Project?
Intervention vs no-intervention group; tested ages 0-21, some encouraging results found, but heavily criticised methodologically and differences could be due to ind diffs
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What does explicit theories of intelligence do?

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Evaluate existing theories; examine cross-cultural aspects of intelligence; based on psychometric tests

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Are explicit theories of intelligence valid and reliable?

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Do explicit theories of intelligence use the same tests to measure different abilities?

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What examples of explicit theories of intelligence tests?

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