History SHP - Surgery and Anatomy Key People and Dates

Alexander the Great

Founded Alexandria in Egypt in 331BC. Here, dissections were allowed to be performed, enhancing Greek anatomical knowledge

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Erasistratus

Defined the differences between veins and arteries around 250BC, and described nerves as solid not hollow

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Galen

A gladiator surgeon who became physician to the Emperor in AD161. Discovered blood was carried in the vessels, how the brain controlled the body and diagnosis using the pulse, but made many mistakes as he could only dissect animals

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Avicenna

Lived between AD980 - 1037 and compiled Hippocrates, Aristotle and Galen's work in a 'Canon of Medicine'

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Ibn al-Nafis

Lived around the 1200s. First to disagree with Galen's 'blood-fuel' theory and instead he correctly suggested humans have a double circulatory system

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Albucasis

Wrote several books on very sophisticated surgical procedures such as dental surgery, bone fractures and bladder stone removal during the 11th Century

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Guild of Surgeons

Had a law allowing female doctors revoked in the 15th Century

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John of Arderne

Invented a recipe for an anesthesia in 1376 that included opium, hemlock and a relative of Deadly Nightshade. Could kill in high doses

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Johan Gutenberg

Introduced the printing press to Europe in 1454

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Royal College of Physicians

Founded in 1518 by King Henry VIII which controlled who could officially practice medicine in England

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Ambroise Pare

Born in 1510. Became an army surgeon, which led him to discover ligatures worked better than cauterization at wound sealing. When he ran out of hot oil to sterilize bullet wounds, he used an ointment instead, and found it to be more effective as well

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Vesalius

A professor at Padua University, he was allowed to dissect human cadavers which allowed him to witness Galen's mistakes, which he published in the stunningly accurately illustrated 'Fabric of the Human Body' in 1543

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William Harvey

Physician to King James I and King Charles I. Started comparing animal and human circulatory systems in 1615. Discovered the heart was a pump pushing blood around the body, so proving Galen's 'blood fuel' theory wrong

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Charles II

Founded the Royal Society in 1660 - Britain's most prestigious scientific body

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Jean-Baptiste Denys

Carried out the first blood transfusion in 1667. It was cross-species and unsuccessful

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Humphrey Davey

First to suggest the use of Nitrous Oxide as an anesthesia in 1799

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Anatomy Act

1832 - Legalized the dissection of donated corpses for educational and anatomical purposes

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Horace Wells

Publicly demonstrated the use of Nitrous Oxide as an anesthesia in dentistry in 1845. It was ineffective

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William Morton

Publicly demonstrated the use of Ether as an anesthesia in 1846. It worked, but is irritant and flammable

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James Simpson

Discovered the use of Chloroform as an anesthesia while experimenting on himself in 1847, but was deadly in high doses

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John Snow

Invented a chloroform 'inhaler' to regulated dosage. He also administered the anesthesia to Queen Victoria as she gave birth to Prince Leopold in 1853, which destroyed much opposition to the drug's use

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The Black Period of Surgey

1847 - 1870. Death rates in surgery rose as operations were longer and deeper, which only encouraged infection and bloodloss

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Ignaz Semmelweis

1st step to antiseptic surgery in 1847 when he discovered doctors carried dirt between patients, which caused high death rates of infection. He introduced chloride of lime handwash which reduced death rates but was irritant and disregarded

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Florence Nightingale

Opened Nightingale's School of Nursing in 1860 in St.Thomas' Hospitel

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Joseph Lister

Used Pasteur's germ theory of 1861 to explain how carbolic acid (used in sewage treatment) could kill germs. He invented a spray to clean the operating theater, equipment, cat ligatures and even wounds which cut death rates from up t 50% to just 15%.

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William Halstead

In 1889 asked the Goodyear Rubber Company to manufacture surgical rubber gloves, which led to the development of aseptic surgery

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Wilhelm Roentgen

Developed X-Rays in 1895 which allows doctors to see inside the body without making a single incision

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Marie Curie and Henri Becquerel

Made huge advancements with radioactive isotopes between 1896 - 8, which led to the development of chemotherapy

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Karl Landsteiner

Discovered the blood groups in 1900, and a way of storing blood was discovered in the 1910s, during the First World War

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Archibald McIndoe

Pioneer in plastic surgery. Worked in the Second World War with burns victims from the Airforce

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First Open Heart Surgery

Aseptic surgery was advance enough to allow for open heart surgery in 1950

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First Organ Transplant

In 1952 the first organ donation took place - it was a kidney. The first Liver transplant took place in 1963

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Christiaan Barnard

A South African Doctor who performed the first successful Heart Transplant. The patient died after 18 days due to rejection issues. Immuno-suppressants were developed in the late 1970s

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Later technological advancements

Cat Scans (1973) Endoscopes (1975) and MRI scanners (1987) all allow doctors to safely examine the anatomy of a patient without the need for surgery

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History SHP - Surgery and Anatomy Key People and Dates

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