Geography Chapter 15

Rock structure

It's properties and appereance

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Rock resistance

strength of the rock

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porous/porosity

rock that consists of tiny pores through which water can pass through

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Freeze-thaw

on a warm day when water enters the cracks of a rock and freezes on a colder day causing an increased pressure exertion on the rock. When temperatures rises, the ice melts and pressure is released this widens the cracks of the rock and causes pieces

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Exfoliation

happens in warm climates when rocks is repeatedly heated and cooled. This creates an onion effect where the surface layers peel off.

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Limestone solution/Carbonation

caused by carbonic acid in natural rainwater, reacts chemically with limestone rocks, the limestone slowly dissolves and it is removed in solution by running water.

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Soil creep

slowest of downhill movements, occurring on very gentle and well-vegetated slopes

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Mudlows

rapid movements most likely to occur on steep slopes without warning

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Landslides

noticeable movement of material

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Escarpment

A long, more or less continuous cliff or relatively steep slope facing in one direction.

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Soil profile

Top layer of the soil

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Soil horizons

the different layers of the soil A, B and C horizons

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Parent rock

underlying rock weathered to give a layer of loose, broken material

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Desertification

process of land degradation where land turns into a desert from severe drought

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Formation, characteristics, examples, uses of igneous rocks

Formation: from volcanic activity, consist of christals, eg. granite and basalt

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Formation, characteristics, examples, uses of Sedimentary rocks

eg. limestone, sandstone, coal consist of small particles that have been eroded

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Formation, characteristics, examples, uses of Metaphoric rocks

marble altered by extremes of pressure or heat eg. limestone changed into

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Causes and effects of mass movement

soil creep, mudlows

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Advantages and problems of mining and quarrying in areas like National Parks

Advantages: provides jobs, improved local roads for extra traffic, can create local processing industries. Problems: loss of wildlife, air pollution, noise, loss of farmland

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Causes and effects or desertification

unreliable rainfall, fragile environment, overgrazing, farming on average land, destruction of plants

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How are soils formed?

The parent rock get repositioned by water, wind, ice or volcanic activity, addition of water,gases, living organisms and decayed organic matter causes the formation of soil

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Chemical weathering

decomposition of rocks caused by a chemical change change within the rock eg. limestone solution

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Physical weathering

breaking down of rocks, soils and minerals as well as artificial materials in contact with the Earths atmosphere and waters. eg. freeze-thaw or frost shattering

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Biological weathering

Activity of living organisms. eg. growth of roots

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Get Revising

Geography Chapter 15

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